2013 ASHRAE Handbook -- Fundamentals SI Edition (ASHRAE)原版完整文件.pdf

2013 ASHRAE HANDBOOK FUNDAMENTALS SI EditionASHRAE,1791 Tullie Circle,N.E.,Atlanta,GA 30329 www.ashrae.org 2013 ASHRAE.All rights reserved.DEDICATED TO THE ADVANCEMENT OF THE PROFESSION AND ITS ALLIED INDUSTRIES No part of this publication may be reproduced without permission in writing from ASHRAE,except by a reviewer who may quote brief passages or reproduce illustrations in a review with appropriate credit;nor may any part of this book be reproduced,stored in a retrieval system,or transmitted in any way or by any meanselectronic,photocopying,recording,or otherwithout permission in writing from ASHRAE.Requests for permission should be submitted at www.ashrae.org/permissions.Volunteer members of ASHRAE Technical Committees and others compiled the information in this handbook,and it is generally reviewed and updated every four years.Comments,criticisms,and suggestions regarding the subject matter are invited.Any errors or omissions in the data should be brought to the attention of the Editor.Additions and corrections to Handbook volumes in print will be published in the Handbook published the year following their verification and,as soon as verified,on the ASHRAE Internet Web site.DISCLAIMER ASHRAE has compiled this publication with care,but ASHRAE has not investigated,and ASHRAE expressly disclaims any duty to investigate,any product,service,process,procedure,design,or the like that may be described herein.The appearance of any technical data or editorial material in this publication does not constitute endorsement,warranty,or guaranty by ASHRAE of any product,service,process,procedure,design,or the like.ASHRAE does not warrant that the information in this publication is free of errors.The entire risk of the use of any information in this publication is assumed by the user.ISBN 978-1-936504-46-6 ISSN 1523-7230 The paper for this book is both acid-and elemental-chlorine-free and was manufactured with pulp obtained from sources using sustainable forestry practices.2013 ASHRAE.All rights reserved.DEDICATED TO THE ADVANCEMENT OF THE PROFESSION AND ITS ALLIED INDUSTRIES No part of this publication may be reproduced without permission in writing from ASHRAE,except by a reviewer who may quote brief passages or reproduce illustrations in a review with appropriate credit;nor may any part of this book be reproduced,stored in a retrieval system,or transmitted in any way or by any meanselectronic,photocopying,recording,or otherwithout permission in writing from ASHRAE.Requests for permission should be submitted at www.ashrae.org/permissions.Volunteer members of ASHRAE Technical Committees and others compiled the information in this handbook,and it is generally reviewed and updated every four years.Comments,criticisms,and suggestions regarding the subject matter are invited.Any errors or omissions in the data should be brought to the attention of the Editor.Additions and corrections to Handbook volumes in print will be published in the Handbook published the year following their verification and,as soon as verified,on the ASHRAE Internet Web site.DISCLAIMER ASHRAE has compiled this publication with care,but ASHRAE has not investigated,and ASHRAE expressly disclaims any duty to investigate,any product,service,process,procedure,design,or the like that may be described herein.The appearance of any technical data or editorial material in this publication does not constitute endorsement,warranty,or guaranty by ASHRAE of any product,service,process,procedure,design,or the like.ASHRAE does not warrant that the information in this publication is free of errors.The entire risk of the use of any information in this publication is assumed by the user.ISBN 978-1-936504-46-6 ISSN 1523-7230 The paper for this book is both acid-and elemental-chlorine-free and was manufactured with pulp obtained from sources using sustainable forestry practices.2013 ASHRAE.All rights reserved.DEDICATED TO THE ADVANCEMENT OF THE PROFESSION AND ITS ALLIED INDUSTRIES No part of this publication may be reproduced without permission in writing from ASHRAE,except by a reviewer who may quote brief passages or reproduce illustrations in a review with appropriate credit;nor may any part of this book be reproduced,stored in a retrieval system,or transmitted in any way or by any meanselectronic,photocopying,recording,or otherwithout permission in writing from ASHRAE.Requests for permission should be submitted at www.ashrae.org/permissions.Volunteer members of ASHRAE Technical Committees and others compiled the information in this handbook,and it is generally reviewed and updated every four years.Comments,criticisms,and suggestions regarding the subject matter are invited.Any errors or omissions in the data should be brought to the attention of the Editor.Additions and corrections to Handbook volumes in print will be published in the Handbook published the year following their verification and,as soon as verified,on the ASHRAE Internet Web site.DISCLAIMER ASHRAE has compiled this publication with care,but ASHRAE has not investigated,and ASHRAE expressly disclaims any duty to investigate,any product,service,process,procedure,design,or the like that may be described herein.The appearance of any technical data or editorial material in this publication does not constitute endorsement,warranty,or guaranty by ASHRAE of any product,service,process,procedure,design,or the like.ASHRAE does not warrant that the information in this publication is free of errors.The entire risk of the use of any information in this publication is assumed by the user.ISBN 978-1-936504-46-6 ISSN 1523-7230 The paper for this book is both acid-and elemental-chlorine-free and was manufactured with pulp obtained from sources using sustainable forestry practices.ASHRAE Research ASHRAE is the worlds foremost technical society in the fields of heating,ventilation,air conditioning,and refrigeration.Its members worldwide are individuals who share ideas,identify needs,support research,and write the industrys standards for testing and practice.The result is that engineers are better able to keep indoor environments safe and productive while protecting and preserving the outdoors for generations to come.One of the ways that ASHRAE supports its members and industrys need for information is through ASHRAE Research.Thousands of individuals and companies support ASHRAE Research annually,enabling ASHRAE to report new data about material properties and building physics and to promote the application of innovative technologies.Chapters in the ASHRAE Handbook are updated through the experience of members of ASHRAE Technical Committees and through results of ASHRAE Research reported at ASHRAE conferences and published in ASHRAE special publications and in ASHRAE Transactions.For information about ASHRAE Research or to become a member,contact ASHRAE,1791 Tullie Circle,Atlanta,GA 30329;telephone:404-636-8400;www.ashrae.org.Preface The 2013 ASHRAE HandbookFundamentals covers basic principles and data used in the HVAC&R industry.The ASHRAE Technical Committees that prepare these chapters provide new information,clarify existing content,delete obsolete materials,and reorganize chapters to make the Handbook more understandable and easier to use.An accompanying CD-ROM contains all the volumes chapters in both I-P and SI units.Some of this volumes revisions are described as follows:Chapter 2,Thermodynamics and Refrigeration Cycles,has new content on exergy,adsorption technology,and on the impact of fluid properties on cycle performance.Chapter 5,Two-Phase Flow,has new information on heat transfer in tube bundles;predictive techniques for saturated and subcooled boiling in tube bundles;subcooled boiling heat transfer;boiling,heat transfer,condensation,and pressure drop in mini-and micro-channels;boiling/evaporation with enhanced surfaces;and much more.Chapter 9,Thermal Comfort,has new content on personal environmental control(PEC)systems;the effect of occupant and air motion on clothing insulation;and multisegment thermal physiology models.Chapter 10,Indoor Environmental Health,has new content on microbiology;health effects of fine paniculate matter and noise;pathogens with potential for airborne transmission;semivolatile organic compounds(SVOCs);ozone;and dampness.Chapter 11,Air Contaminants,has updates for new ASHRAE research,plus added text and graphics on ultrafine particles,SVOCs,and health effects of various air contaminants.Chapter 14,Climatic Design Information,includes a complete replacement of the data tables for 6443 locations worldwidean increase of 879 locations from the 2009 edition of the chapter.Each locations information now also includes monthly precipitation.Chapter 16,Ventilation and Infiltration,has added content from ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2010 on how to address multiple-zone recirculating systems.Chapter 18,Nonresidential Cooling and Heating Load Calculations,includes new plug load data,an elevation correction example,an equation summary,and an entirely new master example section based on the renovated ASHRAE headquarters building.Chapter 19,Energy Estimating and Modeling Methods,has new content on the comprehensive room transfer function(CRTF)method;ground heat transfer;a variable-speed vapor compression heat pump model;and validation,verification,and calibration.Chapter 21,Duct Design,includes new content on testing for HVAC system air leakage,a revised equation for resistance of flexible duct,and a revised table for duct roughness.Chapter 23,Insulation for Mechanical Systems,has new content on condensation control,piping supports,thermal conductivity of below-ambient pipe insulation systems,and includes a new design example.Chapter 25,Heat,Air,and Moisture Control in Building AssembliesFundamentals,has new material from ASHRAE research on environmental weather loads(RP-1325)and thermal bridging details(RP-1365),plus modified airflow descriptions and new content on phase change materials.Chapter 26,Heat,Air,and Moisture Control in Building AssembliesMaterial Properties,was extensively reorganized and updated with new content on insulation thermal conductivity data;insulation types;capillary-active insulation materials(CAIMs);and thermal resistance and air and water vapor permeability.Chapter 27,Heat,Air,and Moisture Control in Building AssembliesExamples,introduced explicit definitions with a new example for thermal bridging,and revised introductions to moisture transport analysis examples.Chapter 29,Refrigerants,has added data on HFO-1234yf and HFO-1234ze(E)and expanded content on environmental properties and compatibility with construction materials.Chapter 30,Thermophysical Properties of Refrigerants,has added tables and diagrams for HFO-1234yf and HFO-1234ze(E).Chapter 36,Measurement and Instruments,has added results from recent ASHRAE research(RP-1245)on the effects of duct fittings on measuring airflow in ducts,as well as a new example calculation.This volume is published,as a bound print volume and in electronic format on CD-ROM and online,in two editions:one using inch-pound(I-P)units of measurement,the other using the International System of Units(SI).Corrections to the 2010,2011,and 2012 Handbook volumes can be found on the ASHRAE web site at http:/www.ashrae.org and in the Additions and Corrections section of this volume.Corrections for this volume will be listed in subsequent volumes and on the ASHRAE web site.Reader comments are enthusiastically invited.To suggest improvements for a chapter,please comment using the form on the ASHRAE web site or,using the cutout page(s)at the end of this volumes index,write to Handbook Editor,ASHRAE,1791 Tullie Circle,Atlanta,GA 30329,or fax 678-539-2187,or e-mail mowen ashrae.org.Mark S.Owen Editor CONTENTS Contributors ASHRAE Technical Committees,Task Groups,and Technical Resource Groups ASHRAE Research:Improving the Quality of Life Preface PRINCIPLES Chapter 1.Psychrometrics(TC 1.1,Thermodynamics and Psychrometrics;TC 8.3,Absorption and Heat-Operated Machines)2.Thermodynamics and Refrigeration Cycles(TC 1.1)3.Fluid Flow(TC 1.3,Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow)4.Heat Transfer(TC 1.3)5.Two-Phase Flow(TC 1.3)6.Mass Transfer(TC 1.3)7.Fundamentals of Control(TC 1.4,Control Theory and Application)8.Sound and Vibration(TC 2.6,Sound and Vibration Control)INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY Chapter 9.Thermal Comfort(TC 2.1,Physiology and Human Environment)10.Indoor Environmental Health(Environmental Health Committee)11.Air Contaminants(TC 2.3,Gaseous Air Contaminants and Gas Contaminant Removal Equipment)12.Odors(TC 2.3)13.Indoor Environmental Modeling(TC 4.10,Indoor Environmental Modeling)LOAD AND ENERGY CALCULATIONS Chapter 14.Climatic Design Information(TC 4.2,Climatic Information)15.Fenestration(TC 4.5,Fenestration)16.Ventilation and Infiltration(TC 4.3,Ventilation Requirements and Infiltration)17.Residential Cooling and Heating Load Calculations(TC 4.1,Load Calculation Data and Procedures)18.Nonresidential Cooling and Heating Load Calculations(TC 4.1)19.Energy Estimating and Modeling Methods(TC 4.7,Energy Calculations)HVAC DESIGN Chapter 20.Space Air Diffusion(TC 5.3,Room Air Distribution)21.Duct Design(TC 5.2,Duct Design)22.Pipe Sizing(TC 6.1,Hydronic and Steam Equipment and Systems)23.Insulation for Mechanical Systems(TC 1.8,Mechanical Systems Insulation)24.Airflow Around Buildings(TC 4.3)BUILDING ENVELOPE Chapter 25.Heat,Air,and Moisture Control in Building AssembliesFundamentals(TC 4.4,Building Materials and Building Envelope Performance)26.Heat,Air,and Moisture Control in Building AssembliesMaterial Properties(TC 4.4)27.Heat,Air,and Moisture Control in Building AssembliesExamples(TC 4.4)MATERIALS Chapter 28.Combustion and Fuels(TC 6.10,Fuels and Combustion)29.Refrigerants(TC 3.1,Refrigerants and Secondary Coolants)30.Thermophysical Properties of Refrigerants(TC 3.1)31.Physical Properties of Secondary Coolants(Brines)(TC 3.1)32.Sorbents and Desiccants(TC 8.12,Dessicant Dehumidification Equipment and Components)33.Physical Properties of Materials(TC 1.3)GENERAL Chapter 34.Energy Resources(TC 2.8,Building Environmental Impacts and Sustainability)35.Sustainability(TC 2.8)36.Measurement and Instruments(TC 1.2,Instruments and Measurements)37.Abbreviations and Symbols(TC 1.6,Terminology)38.Units and Conversions(TC 1.6)39.Codes and Standards ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS INDEX Composite index to the 2010 Refrigeration,2011 HVAC Applications,2012 HVAC Systems and Equipment,and 2013 Fundamentals volumes Comment Pages CHAPTER 1 PSYCHROMETRICS Composition of Dry and Moist Air 1.1 U.S.Standard Atmosphere 1.1 Thermodynamic Properties of Moist Air 1.2 Thermodynamic Properties of Water at Saturation 1.2 Humidity Parameters 1.2 Perfect Gas Relationships for Dry and Moist Air 1.8 Thermodynamic Wet-Bulb and Dew-Point Temperature 1.9 Numerical Calculation of Moist Air Properties 1.9 Psychrometric Charts 1.10 Typical Air-Conditioning Processes 1.12 Transport Properties of Moist Air 1.15 Sy