How To Grow A Planet 1of3《种出个地球（1）》完整中英文对照剧本.docx

我一生大部时间I'vespentmostofmylife都用于探究塑造地球的力量tryingtounderstandtheforcesthatshapedourplanet.身为地质学家Asageologist,italwaysseemedtome按说研究岩石才是我的本份thatrockswererightattheheartofthings.伊安斯图瓦特教授但此刻我意识到Butnow,mdiscovering并非只有火山或板块撞击it,snotonlyvolcanoesandcollidingcontinents才造就了沧海桑田thathavedriventheEarth'sgreatestchanges,因为在地球史的重要时刻becauseatcrucialmomentsinitshistory,还有另一种力量孕育出我们的家园anotherforcehashelpedcreatetheplanetweliveon.这便是植物.plants.看看这粒种子Justlookatthisseed.身躯渺小色泽黯淡轻若无物It'ssmall,it,sbrown.Itweighshardlyanything.看似平庸1.ooksprettyordinary,却绝非如此简单butactuallynothingcanbefurtherfromthetruth因为它将长成参天大树becausewhatitwillbecomeistrulyextraordinary.这些是美洲巨杉Thesearegiantsequoias.有些树龄已逾3000年Someareover3,000yearsold.巨杉是地球孕育出的最大单体生命AndsequoiasarethelargestsinglelifeformonEarth.就来自这一粒渺小的种子Allfromatinyseed.但较之于地球发展史中Yeteventhatpalesintoinsignificance植物王国的辉煌贡献whencomparedtowhatthewholeoftheplantkingdomhasdone这不过是沧海一粟throughoutthehistoryofourplanet.绿色植物吸收日光Theyharnesslightfromastar,为地球带来能量bringingenergytoourworld.植物及其先祖改造出生命赖以存活的大气Theyandtheirancestorscreatedourlife-givingatmosphere.我吸入的氧气mbreathingoxygenthat产生于25亿年之前wasmadetwoandahalfbillionyearsago.植物刻画出地球每一寸肌肤TheysculptedtheverysurfaceoftheEarth推动了动物的进化andtheydrovetheevolutionofallanimals.包括我们人类的鼻祖.includingourownancestors.植物掀开了地球史上崭新篇章It'sawholenewstoryaboutourEarth.我将用这些前所未有的.toldthroughremarkableimages,一幕幕精彩画面capturedfortheveryfirsttime,及最新科学发现讲述植物的故事andthelatestscientificdiscoveries.祝我好运吧Wishmeluck.我们的故事从这里开启Thisisthestartofthatstory.植物如何占据早期万物不生的荒岩Howplantstookabarrenalienrock,ourplanet,将其改造为如今勃勃的家园andtransformeditintothehomeWeknowtoday.植物之歌♥第一集光与生命下面挺深啊It,salongwaydown.这里地处越南中部minCentralVietnam我正在绳降进全球最宏伟的洞穴之一andmdescendingintooneofthelargestcavesintheworld.地质结构真是千姿百态Thestructure'sabsolutelyfantastic.行至7公里的此处名为“韩松洞”At7kmlong,thisisknownasHangSonDoong.韩松洞:世界上最大的洞穴漆黑一片光怪陆离It'sadark,alienworld.在这一深度罕有生命迹象Downhere,verylittleisalive.可我到这里并非探洞Butmnothereforthecave.瞧看那边Oh!1.ookatthat!天哪Forgoodness*sake!像是洞顶坍塌Itlooksliketheroofhascollapsed雨林藉此而入andtherainforesthasjustinvaded.穴居雨林啊It,sarainforestinsideacave.黑暗中摸索良久忽而眼前一亮Afterbeinginthedarknessandtheblackforages,lookatthat.眼前忽现一片苍翠Youjustsuddenlyseebrilliantgreen.这不是洞口Thisisn'ttheentrance.距离洞穴系统的核心尚有3公里We'rethreekilometresintotheheartofthecavesystem.这只是一个暗罗丛生的失落世界It'sathrivinglostworldwithtoweringPolyaIthiatrees.也是某些罕见物种的乐园Andhometostrangecreatures例如这种越南蟆蚣likethisVietnameseflat-backedmillipede.没见过吧小东西还长着角呢Isn'tthatincredible!It'sgotantlers.你肯定以为已经跨出了洞穴Youreallyfeelasifyou'velefttheconfinesofthatcave步入了一处世外桃源andjustescapedreallyintothisfantasticforest.如同仙境一般It'sawonderland,really.这片雨林能依旧如此郁郁葱葱Thisrainforestexistsbecauseofonethingaboveall.只因这使得地球遍布Somethingwhichhasenabledplantstocolonise绿色茵茵的almosteverywhereonEarth.阳光.light.历经1.5亿公里至此太阳的光芒1.ightwhichhastravelled150millionkilometresfromthesun.植物凭藉其非凡的能力Plantshavethistrulyremarkableability将外太空的能量转化为养分toharnessenergyfromouterspacetoproducefood.正是这种能力吸收日光创造生命It'sthisabilitytoeatthesun,tomanufacturelifefromlight,得以令植物泽被天下that'sallowedplantstodominateourplanet.这是地球最为重要的自然进程ThisisthemostimportantnaturalprocessonEarth.也是植物在一个死寂星球孕育生机的It'showtheplantkingdomhastransformedalifelessplanet奥妙所在intoalivingworld.然而万物发展皆有过程Butitwasn'talwayslikethis.让我们追溯往昔Andtoseehowitstarted,看看30亿年之前的情况weneedtogobackthreebillionyears.那时地球仅是一片寂寂荒原Tobeginwith,ourplanetwaslikeanalienworld.几乎没有氧气Therewasverylittleoxygen.大气是-团有毒气体的混合物Theatmospherewasacocktailoftoxicgases.如甲烷和二氧化硫等likemethaneandsulphurdioxide.陆地上了无生息Thelandwaslifeless.肯尼亚南部这片寸草不生的盐池ThisbarrensaltpaninsouthernKenya大概是如今问溯30亿年前isaboutascloseasyoucangetinthemoderndayEarth远古地球的最好样本tothatancientworldthreebillionyearsago.但当时与现在Buttheonecrucialdifference地球的最大不同就在于betweentheplanetthenandtheplanetnow如果我身处远古定会被烤焦isthatbackthendhavebeenburnttoacrisp.因为原始大气无法过滤掉That'sbecausetheprimitiveatmospherecouldn'tscreenout日光中强烈的紫外线thesun'spowerfulultravioletrays.当时的紫外线强度Backthen,theseUVrays是如今的几百倍werehundredsoftimesstrongerthantheyarenow.陆地上任何生物都难以存活Nothingcouldsurviveonland.然而生之契机近在咫尺Yetallthiswasabouttochange.一个伟大事件Amomentousevent即将孕育出地球上第一缕支持生命的气体thatwouldcreatetheplanet'sfirstlife-supportingatmosphere.这一事件发生在25至30亿年之前Thisevent,betweenthreeandtwoandahalfbillionyearsago,是地球生命史上wasthesinglegreatestturningpoin峰回路转最为灿烂一笔inthehistoryoflifeonEarth.一切均得益于植物的早期先祖Anditwasallbroughtaboutbytheearliestancestorsofplants.这里是南非赛申铁矿HereattheSishenironmineinSouthAfrica,那一历史的见证尚在地下沉睡evidenceofthatepiceventcanstillbeunearthedtoday.拨开迷雾还要做些工作Buttogettoit,youneedabitofhelp.30秒Thirtyseconds.10Ten.20万吨♥铁矿石瞬间被炸开Thatis200,000tonnesofironorejustbeenblastedapart.爆破炸出了一个远古时期的地质断层Theseexplosionsopenacrosssectionbackintime揭示出当时植物王国的隐秘tothedistantoriginsoftheplantkingdom.这是块铁矿石Thisisironore.相当重It,ssoheavy.纯铁有这样的金属光泽闪闪发光Pureiron,sgotthismetallicglint,it'sshiny,但这块矿石中还能看到不少红色物质butyoucanseethatthishasgotloadsofredinit.红色很好理解就是铁锈Andit'sredforareallysimplereason.Itsrusted.生锈是因为与氧气发生接触It'srustedbecauseit'scomeintocontactwithoxygen.生命首次大爆发产生的氧气Oxygenproducedbytheveryfirstburstoflife.矿场为了提炼铁而采掘矿石Theminerswanttheoreforitsironcontent.但我要用这些氧化铁作其它用途Butmgoingtousethisironoxideforaverydifferentreason.应该是还没被他人采纳过的用途SomethingIdon'tthinkhaseverbeendonebefore.所以我有些兴奋whichiswhyI'maweebitexcited.我带了一大块铁矿石I'vetakenachunkoftheironoxiderock将其研磨为细小的粉末andhaditgroundupintofinepowder.然后溶解至酸液中It'sthenbeenturnedintoasolution.我希望能够Onemhopingwillallowme尝尝地球上早期氧气的滋味totakeabreathfromtheplanet'searliestoxygen.那些植物早期先祖产生的氧气Oxygenmadebytheancientancestorsofplants.现在要做的就是加电rAndnowwhatmgoingtodoiskindofjumpstartireally,接上电池拴上导线withthisbattery.mgoingtoattachalead好电流接通andpassanelectriccurrentthroughit.观察这个简单的电化反应Andweshouldseeasimplereaction.不错不错有气泡出来了Ohyeah,yeah.There'ssomebubblescoiningoff这些泡泡就是氧气Thesebubblesarethegasoxygen.历经25亿年It'sbeingreleasedforthefirsttime禁锢在这块矿石中inovertwoandahalfbillionyears,终F首度现出真身whenitwaslockedawayintherock.气泡连成一条曼妙的细线There'salovelylittletrainofthem欢腾地上升排出一个小气室justrisingtothetopandformingalittlepocketofgas.没人知道这样的试验You'reneversurewiththeseexperiments是不是能够成功whetheryou'rereallygoingtogetitornot,不过我要的效果的确出现了butthat'sexactlywhatIwashopingtosee.不过一个小时我就制取到了Injustonehour,vecollectedenough满满试管的氧气tofillthewholetesttube.关键是这可不是随便什么氧气Thethingis,thisisn,tanyoldoxygen.这是铁矿层里制取的氧气Thisisoxygenthat'scomefromthoseironbands.是改造过这颗星球的氧气Theveryoxygenthatchangedourplanet.我真忍♥不住了我必须.Infact,Ican'tresistit.mgoingtohaveto.真难以置信Ican'tbelieveit.我吸的是mbreathingoxygenthatwasmade25亿年前产生的氧气twoandahalfbillionyearsago.没有了从矿石中解脱It'sallgone.1.iberatedfromtherocksnow.又消散在空中It,suptheresomewhere.这些铁矿层讲述了一个非凡故事Theseironbandstellaremarkablestory.在那时候氧就充斥着地球大气OxygenwasnowfloodingtheEarth'satmosphere.遥想当时它去除了大气中的有毒气体Itcleanedouttheplanet'stoxicgases,第一次让天空变得湛蓝清澈leavingtheskyaclearblueforthefirsttime.地质学家称之为“大氧化事件”GeologistscallittheGreatOxidationEvent.这绝对是个大事件Anditcertainlywasanevent这是在截然不同的两个世界Thiswasanirreversiblechange上演的一场不可逆变革betweentwoverydifferentworlds-一个是没有游离氧的早期地球aplanetwithvirtuallynofreeoxygen一个是今天富氧的地球andaplanetfullofoxygen.这是地球生命史上浓墨重彩的一笔ThiswasthegreatestchangeinthehistoryoflifeonEarth.那么这个大事件是如何发生的呢Sohowdidthisgreateventhappen?答案就在于首次生命大爆发Theanswerlieswiththefirstburstoflife,严苛的陆地难堪此任这发生在水下whichemergednotonthehostilelandbutunderwater.当时Backthen,水担负起过滤致命紫外线的重任wateractedasaliquidsunscreentothedangerousUVrays.在水体保护h'Undertheprotectionofwater,地球上早期的有机体theearliestorganismsonEarthevolved以细菌形态逐渐演化intheformoftinybacteria.这里是东非我们将得以一睹AndhereinEastAfricaisararechance那由细菌形成的世界toseewhatitwouldhavebeenlike.这里是马加迪湖Thisis1.akeMagadi.湖水含盐量很高Thewatersherearejustsupersalty.一踏上去就能感觉到水都是滑溜溜的Canfeelitnippingawayatmyfeet.我趟过的这片湖水中的细菌Butthebacteriamwadingthroughareclosedescendants是早在三H乙年前在地球上出现的oftheveryfirstmicroorganisms微生物鼻祖的直系后代thatlivedthreebillionyearsago.想想就很奇妙It'sfantastictothink在这水面上浮游的生物thatswimminginthetoplayerhere竟属于地球上最古老的生命形态之一aresomeofthemostprimitivelifeformsonEarth.三十亿年过去了Andthosebacteria,这些细菌还是当初的模样justliketheonesallthattimeago,并为我们带来了一些惊喜：havegotsomethingsurprisingaboutthem.它们竟是紫色的They'repurple.我们应该膜拜这些细菌Thesearehallowbacteria它们并非只是随性地在这个湖中安家落户andtheydidn'tjustoccupytheoccasionallake.三十亿年前世界上所有的海洋Muchoftheworld'soceans也都是紫色的werepurple,too.试想一下从外太空望去Imaginethatfromouterspace.那是一个紫色的地球ApurpleEarth.这种紫色的细菌Thepurplebacterialiveby依靠吸收太阳的能量而生长harnessingenergyfromthesun.但在太阳光中只有一部分能为其所用Buttheyonlyusepartofthelight.只有一部分光线能够穿透到水体的更深层Somerayspassdeeperintothewater.在水体深处通过经年累月的进化Andovertime,downthere,细菌中的新物种出现了adifferenttypeOfbacteriaevolved.它们只能依靠水体深处残存的光线生存Theyhadtoliveoffthecoloursoflightleftover.而这使得它们呈绿色Thismadethemappeargreen.这就是绿细菌Thesewerethegreenbacteria.这看上去显得非常偶然的演化过程Thisseeminglyarbitraryevent,即细菌碰巧吸收了这种颜色的光线bacteriaabsorbingonecolouroflight而非其他颜色的光线ratherthananother,却间接地对地球产生了极为重大的影响wouldhavecolossalrepercussionsfortheplanet.久而久之这些绿细菌Overtimethesegreenbacteria,亦即蓝绿藻中的一种atypeofCyanobacteria,逐渐主宰了这个世界上所有的江河湖海cametodominatethewatersoftheworld.最终正如我们所见Eventually,aswe'llsee,地球上所有的植物thesegreenmicroorganisms都是由这些绿色的微生物进化而来的becametheancestorofallplantsonEarth.由于从一开始Becauserightfromthestart这些植物的先祖们就只反射绿色光线theywerereflectinggreenlight,因而植物的茎叶thestalksoftheplants也随之而呈:现出绿色becamegreenandtheleavesweregreen.也正是因此地球上所有植物都呈绿色Infact,that'swhyallplantsonEarthbecamegreen,从草丛到森林无一例外fromthegrassestotheforests,这也为我们解释了andit'salsowhytoday,为何今日的地球并非是紫色的insteadoflivingonapurpleplanet,而是i颗绿色地球we'vegotagreenone.然而这并不仅仅只是颜色的问题Butitwasn'tjustaboutcolour.因为绿细菌拥有一些Becausethegreenbacteriadidsomething紫色细菌并不具备的能力theirpurplecousinscouldn't.那就是制♥造♥氧气Theyproducedoxygen.它们为这不毛之地带来生命的气息Theywouldbreathelifeintothelifelessland.若非它们我们的地球Withoutthem,thestoryofourplanet就会像火星一般荒芜wouldbemorelikethatofMars.绿细菌是如何制♥造♥氧气的问题非常复杂Howthegreenbacteriadidthisissocomplex科学家们仍在努力梳理其中的细节thatscientistsstillgrapplewiththedetails.我在康沃尔郡的伊甸园工程研究所vecometotheEdenProjectinCornwall试图解开这个谜团totrytounderstandit.这是一项从未有人尝试过的试验mtobethesubjectofanexperiment而我将作为这个试验的试验对象that'sneverbeenattemptedbefore.我就是你们试验用的小白鼠了mtheguineapig.我猜你是个博士吧Doctor,Ipresume?是的我是丹马丁Indeed.DanMartin.幸会-你好我是卡特里娜霍普Hithere.-Hi.KatrinaHope.很高兴认识你Nicetomeetyou.看看啊这简直太酷了1.ookatthis!Thisisfantastic.简直是难以置信不是吗Incredible,isn'tit?一会儿我将被锁在这个完全密封的房♥间中mabouttobelockedinsidethisairtightchamber.我很期待亲身经历场1hopetoexperiencefirst-hand氧气制♥造♥的非凡过程myveryownGreatOxidationEvent.好了大家各就各位OK,everyone.现在我要开始降低mgoingtostartreducing丹尼尔马丁博士房&hearts八旬中的氧浓度了theoxygenconcentrationinherenow.第一个步骤就是将房♥间中的含氧量Thefirststepistoloweroxygenlevels降低到地球诞生初期的水平closertothoseoftheearlyEarth.请先戴上这个Sofirstofall,卡特里娜霍普博士它将监控你的心率thisisgoingtomonitoryourheartrates以及你体内的含氧量andyouroxygenlevels,等我们把监控仪打开soifwepopthaton就能看到你身体的各种参数了Wecanjusthavealookhere.高等生物比如我们人类It,salackofoxygenthat无法长久在缺氧的环境中工作与生活complexlifelikeuscan'toperateatforlong.上面那个图像显示的是你的心率Soatthetopisyourheartrate.我的心率怎么样是不是太快了How'sthat?Isthatreallyhigh?我觉得你是一想到要进入那个房♥间1thinkyoumightbealittlebitanxious就有一些焦虑aboutgoinginthere.我是有点紧张Iamalittlebit.我敢肯定你平时的静态心率不是95msureyourrestingheartrate'snotnormally95.是啊看来我是太紧张了No,Ihavebeenthinkingalotaboutit.研究人员监控着我的生命体征Myvitalsignsarebeingmonitored,以及血液含氧量alongwiththeoxygenlevelsinmyblood.下一步的任务就是Nowit'stimetobesealed在这个密封房♥间中被锁上48个小时insidethechamberforthenext48hours.我已经准备好了伙计们masreadyaslleverbe,guys,可以开门了吗socanweopenthisdoor?祝我好运吧Wishmeluck.这个房♥间好小啊It'ssmall,isn'tit?进入房♥间后计时通常情况下空气中氧气含量达21%Oxygenlevelsintheairarenormally21%.而这个房♥间中氧气浓度低得多Insidethechamber,they'refarlower.刚刚超过12%Justover12%.置身这房♥间中Attheseconcentrations,我的身体与大脑中的细胞活动速度thecellularactivityinmybodyandbrain都逐渐减慢了isstartingtoslowdown.三二一开始-绿黄Three,two,one.go!-Green,yellow.红绿黄不更像是橙色red,green,ye.Kindoforange.紫蓝Er.purple,blue.你会感受到你的思维没那么敏捷了You'llfindthatthinkingbecomesalittlebitslower.我的手眼协调性也大不如前Myhand-to-eyecoordinationisbeingimpaired.你可以随意进行排列对就是这样Youcanputtheminanyorderyoulike.Thafstheway.你能不能告诉我们到底有什么感觉呢Canyoujusttellushowexactlyareyoufeeling?真是奇特的感觉我觉得自己很迟钝It'sfunny.1feltveryslow.我绝对是变得有些迟钝rThatslownessisthere,definitely.进入房♥间后计时空气中氧浓度两位博士根据我的耗氧量算出ThedoctorscalculatethatattherateIuseupoxygen,如果这种情况一直进行下去ifitcarriedonlikethis,熬不到24个小时我就该失去意识了dbeunconsciousinjust24hours.你血液中的氧饱和度大约在88%Youroxygensaturation,sortof88%.若你是病人氧饱和度降到这值Ifthatwasyourlevelinhospital那就说明你情况很不容乐观we'dbeprettyworriedaboutyourightnow.接下来至关重要的一项任务Thenextcrucialstepistosee就是试验这里的三百多株植物ifthe300plantsinherewithme是否能够供给我生存所需的足够氧气canproduceenoughoxygentokeepmealive.这全靠它们从那些绿细菌先祖那里It'salltodowiththewondrousability遗传而来的令人惊叹的造氧能力theyinheritedfromthosegreenbacteria.当然这就是光合作用It'sphotosynthesis,ofcourse.现在请把灯打开Ithinkwecanhavethelightson,please.进行光合作用首先需要光源Tokickstartit,youneedlight.哇这光线来得太突然了Wow!Suddenlythelight'shit.植物通过光合作用才能生存与生长Plantsusephotosynthesistoliveandgrow,而光合作用之所以对我很重要andmostimportantlyforme.是因为此过程会产生氧气tomakeoxygen.光合作用的过程十分错综复杂Photosynthesisisanintricateprocess科学家们还在不断尝试着解开它的奥秘thatscienceisstilltryingtounlock.但释放氧气Buttheproductionofoxygen无疑是其最核心特点之一isoneofitskeyfeatures.要想弄明白光合作用原理Tounderstandwhat'shappening,我们需要进入一个显微镜下的复杂世界youneedtoenteracomplexandmicroscopicworld.地球上每株植物的每片叶子之中Insideeveryleafofeveryplantontheplanet都排满了绿细菌鼻祖的直系后代arethedirectdescendantsofthosefirstgreenbacteria.将叶片放大一千倍便一目了然Magnifyaleaf1,000timesandyoucanseethem.我们称其为叶绿体They'reknownaschloroplasts.在每个细胞中都充斥着叶绿体Packedintoeverycell.它们的习性依然与细菌有些许相似之处Theystillbehaveabitlikebacteria.这段实拍录像中Thisisrealfootageofthem就能看出它们的趋光性movingtowardsaflashoflight.它们的宽度只有五千分之一毫米They'rejust5,OOOthsofamillimetreacross.而光合作用正是发生在这些叶绿体中Andit,sinsidechloroplaststhatphotosynthesishappens.太阳光线由光子构成1.ightraysfromthesunaremadeofphotons.光子是一种微小的速度极快的粒子They'retiny,fast-movingparticles其中蕴含着电磁能ofelectromagneticenergy.当光子碰触到叶绿体表面时Whentheyhitthesurface,光子能量便被一个环状物收集起来theenergyofthephotonsiscapturedbyaring我们称之为集光复合体calledthelight-harvestingcomplex.在这个复合体中Insidethisstructure,两个光子放射出的能量theenergyoftwophotons就可以使一个水分子分解isusedtosplitawatermolecule.水分子被分解成两种元素氢和氧It,srippedintoitstwoelements-hydrogenandoxygen.植物的生存与生长要依靠氢元素Theplantusesthehydrogentoliveandgrow.可现在我更关心的是Butrightnow,minterestedin组成水分子的另一种元素t