美国名人 建筑大师 路易斯·康.docx

美国名人建筑大师路易斯康1.ouisKahn,1901-1974:HeHelpedDefineModernArchitectureplaystopmutemaxvolume00:00-15:43repeatByDanaDemange2009-12-12VOICEONE:mSteveEmber.VOICETWO:AndmBarbaraKleinwiththeVOASpecialEnglishprogramPEOP1.EINAMERICA.Today,wetellabout1.ouisKahn.HeisconsideredoneofthemostimportantAmericanbuildingdesignersofthetwentiethcentury.(MUSIC)VOICEONE:1.ouisKahnhelpeddefinemodernarchitecture.Architectureistheartandscienceofdesigningandbuildingstructuressuchashouses,museums,andofficebuildings.Kahn'sarchitecturehasseveraldefiningqualities.Forexample,Kahnwasveryinterestedinthelookandfeelofthematerialsheused.Heusedbrickandconcreteinnewandspecialways.Kahnalsopaidcarefulattentiontotheuseofsunlight.Helikednaturallighttoenterhisbuildingsthroughinterestingkindsofwindowsandopenings.Kahn'sworkcanalsobeidentifiedbyhiscreativeuseofgeometricshapes.Manyofhisbuildingsusesquares,circlesandthreesidedshapescalledtriangles.1.ouisKahnVOICETWO:1.ouisKahnwasborninEstoniainnineteen-oh-one.WhenhewasfiveyearsoldhisfamilymovedtoPhiladelphia,Pennsylvania.Evenasachild,1.ouisKahnshowedexcellenceasanartist.Whenhewasinschoolhispictureswonseveralcompetitionsorganizedbythecity.InhighschoolKahnstudiedarchitecturebriefly.HelaterwenttotheUniversityofPennsylvaniaandstudiedarchitecturefulltime.Hegraduatedinnineteentwenty-four.1.ouisKahn'sbuildingshavemanyinfluences.SomeexpertssayhistriptoRome,Italyinnineteenfifty-oneinfluencedhimthemost.KahnspentafewmonthsasanarchitectwiththeAmericanAcademyinRome.HealsotraveledthroughotherpartsofItaly,GreeceandEgypt.There,hesawtheancientGreekandRomanruinsthatalsowouldinfluencehisworks.Hewasveryaffectedbythesizeanddesignoftheseruins.Theyhelpedinfluencehimtodevelopanarchitecturethatcombinesbothmodernandancientdesigns.OtherexpertsbelieveKahnwasalsoinfluencedbythepartofPhiladelphiawherehegrewup.Thereweremanyfactorybuildingswithlargewindows.Thesebrickstructureswereverysolid.ThisindustrialdesignisapparentinseveralofKahn'searlyworks.VOICEONE:Kahn'sfirstprojectsinvolvedbuildinghousinginPhiladelphia.HelaterreceivedgovernmentjobstodesignhousingduringWorldWarTwo.Innineteenforty-two,hebecameaheadarchitectofthePublicBuildingAdministration.Kahn'sfirstimportantprojectwastheYaleArtGalleryinNewHaven,Connecticutintheearlynineteenfifties.Theoutsideofthebuildingisverysimple.Thesurfaceismadeofbrickandlimestone.StaircaseatYaleUniversityArtGalleryTheinsideofthegalleryshowsKahn'sgreatartisticsense.Forexample,hecreatedatriangle-shapedwalkwayofstepsthatsitsinsidearoundedconcreteshell.Thisbuildingwasverypopular.ItscompletionrepresentedanimportantstepinKahn'sprofessionallife.Hewasnowafamousarchitect.(MUSIC)VOICETWO:OneofKahn'sotherimportantbuildingsistheSalkInstitute,aresearchcenterin1.aJollazCalifornia.Itwasbuiltinthenineteensixties.ThisstructurefurthershowshowKahnwasabletouniteformandfunction.Thismeanshisbuildingswerebeautifulandalsouseful.TheSalkInstitutehastwostructuresthatsurroundamarblegardenareaorcourtyard.Thisoutdoormarbleareaisalmostcompletelybare.TheonlydetailisasmallstreamofwaterrunningthroughthemiddleofthesquaretowardsthePacificOcean.Thissimpledesignisverystriking.Insidethebuildingaremanyroomsforlaboratories.Kahnwasverycarefultomakesuretheyallreceivednaturallightandaviewoftheocean.Helinkedtheindoorandoutdoorspacesinaverybeautifulway.VOICEONE:TheKimbellArtMuseuminFortWorth,Texasisanotherfamousbuildingby1.ouisKahn.Somesayitishisbest.Kahnbuiltthismuseumintheearlynineteenseventies.Thislargemuseumhaslongroomswithcurvedorvaultedceilings.Inside,allofthewallscanbemovedtobestfittheartcollection.Kahnwasabletomaketheconcretematerialofthebuildinglookbothsolidandairy.Heusedsunlightandbodiesofwatertocreateatrulyspecialbuilding.KahnoncesaidthisabouttheKimbellArtMuseum:"Thebuildingfeels.thatIhadnothingtodowithit.thatsomeotherhanddidit."Thearchitectseemstosaythathewashelpedbysomehigherinfluence.Manypeoplefeelthathisarchitecturehasaveryspiritualandtimelessquality.Kahnmostlycreatedpublicbuildingssuchasmuseumsandlibraries.However,healsodesignedafewhouses.HismostfamoushomeistheFisherhousenearPhiladelphia.Itismadeofseveralbox-shapedbuildings.Thehouseismadeoutofglass,woodandstone.Manywindowsprovideaviewofthenearbytrees.(MUSIC)VOICETWO:Dhakagovernmentcenter1.ouisKahnalsodesignedbuildingsinothercountries,includingIndiaandBangladesh.HislargestprojectwasaseriesofbuildingsthatwouldbecomethegovernmentcenterofDhaka,Bangladesh.Thisstructureincludestheparliament,meetingrooms,offices,eatingplacesandevenareligiouscenter.Thisseriesofbuildingslookslikeanancienthomeforkings.Hugeroundedandbox-likebuildingshavewindowsintheshapeofcirclesandtriangles.Thestructureissurroundedbywater.Fromadistance,itappearstofloatonalake.Kahnspentthelasttwelveyearsofhislifeontheproject.Itwascompletedinnineteeneighty-threeznineyearsafterhisdeath.BecauseofKahn,expertssay,oneofthepoorestcountriesintheworldhasoneofthemostbeautifulpublicbuildingsonEarth.AllofKahn'sbuildingsshareacommonsolidityandheaviness.Expertssaytheyareverydifferentfromtheworksofotherfamousarchitectsoftheperiod.Thesearchitectspreferredlightandairybuildings.Theirweightless-lookingstructuresweremostlymadeofglassandmetal.Kahnusedstoneandconcretetomakemonumentalbuildings.Manyofhisstructureslookmoreancientthanmodern.(MUSIC)VOICEONE:1.ouisKahnwasanartistwhocreatedbeautifulworks.Buthewasnotaverygoodbusinessman.Hewouldchangehisdesignsmanytimes.Thiswouldmakeeachprojecttakeagreatdealoftimeandcostmoremoney.Themajorityoftheprojectshedesignedwereneverbuilt.Also,hedidnotliketocompromisehisdesignideastosatisfyabuyer'swishes.Forthisreasonandothers,Kahndidnotmakemanybuildings.Hisdesigncompanydidnotalwayshavemanyjobsormuchmoney.Infact,whenKahndied,hewasingreatdebt.Thisisespeciallyunusualsincehewasconsideredoneofthemostimportantarchitectsintheworld.VOICETWO:Intwothousandfour,MisterKahn'sson,NathanielKahn,madeafilmabouthisfather'slife.Thefilmiscalled"MyArchitect."Itisinterestingformanyreasons,"MyArchitect"givesahistoryofKahn'slife.Thefilmpresentsthearchitectandhisbuildings.YoucanseeKahnworkingathisdeskandtalkingwithhisbuilders.Youcanalsoseehimteachinguniversitystudents.Youcantellthathehadgreatenergy.ThefilmalsoshowsagreatdealaboutKahn'sprivatelife.Kahnhadawifeanddaughter.Buthealsohadtwootherfamilies.Kahnhadachildwitheachoftwootherwomenthathewasnotmarriedto.Inthefilm,NathanielKahndescribesvisitsfromhisfather.Hesaysthatasachildhedidnotunderstandwhyhisfatherdidnotlivewithhimandhismotherallofthetime.NATHANIE1.KAHNIN"MYARCHITECT":"Ididn'tknowmyfatherverywell.Henevermarriedmymotherandheneverlivedwithus.Ineededtoknowhim.Ineededtofindoutwhohereallywas.SoIsetoutonajourneytoseehisbuildingsandtofindwhateverwasleftofhimoutthere."VOICEONE:ManyquestionsareleftunansweredaboutKahn.Yet,thefilmhelpstellaveryinterestingstoryaboutaveryimportantman.1.ouisKahndiedinnineteenseventy-four.Yethisinfluenceliveson.WhileteachingattheUniversityofPennsylvania,hetrainedmanyfuturebuilders.Somestudentshavebecomeimportantarchitects.AndKahn'sarchitecturehasremainedfreshandtimeless.(MUSIC)VOICETWO:ThisprogramwaswrittenbyDanaDemange.ItwasproducedbyDanaDemangeand1.awanDavis.mBarbaraKlein.VOICEONE:AndmSteveEmber.JoinusagainnextweekforPEOP1.EINAMERICAinVOASpecialEnglish.