美国名人 人类学家 学者 玛格丽特·米德.docx

美国名人人类学家玛格丽特米德MargaretMead,1901-1978:APublicFaceofAnthropologyplaystopmutemaxvolume00:00-15:25repeatByJeriIynWatson2010-1-16VOICEONE:mSteveEmber.VOICETWO:MargaretMeadAndmShirleyGriffithwithPEOP1.EINAMERICAinVOASpecialEnglish.Todaywetellaboutoneofthemostinfluentialsocialscientistsofthelastcentury-theculturalanthropologistMargaretMead.(MUSIC)VOICEONE:PeoplearoundtheworldmournedthedeathofMargaretMeadinnineteenseventy-eight.Ayearlater,thepresidentoftheUnitedStates,JimmyCarter,honoredthesocialscientistwithAmerica'shighestawardforcivilians.AnotherhonorcamefromavillageinNewGuinea.Thepeoplethereplantedacoconuttreeinhermemory.MargaretMeadwouldhavelikedthat.Asayoungwoman,shehadstudiedthelifeandtraditionsofthevillage.MizMeadreceivedsuchhonorsbecausesheaddedgreatlytopublicknowledgeofculturesandtraditionsindevelopingcountries.Manypeopleconsiderherthemostinfluentialsocialscienceresearcherofthetwentiethcentury.Yetsomeexpertssaidherresearchwasnotscientific.Theysaidshedependedtoomuchonobservationandlocalstories.Theysaidshedidnotspendenoughtimeoncomparativestudies.Theybelievedherfameresultedasmuchfromhercolorfulpersonalityasfromherresearch.VOICETWO:MargaretMeadsharedherstrongopinionsaboutsocialissues.Shedenouncedthespreadofnuclearweapons.Shespokeagainstracialinjustice.Shestronglysupportedwomen'srights.Throughoutherlifesheenjoyedtakingrisks.MizMeadbeganherstudiesofculturesinanunusualwayforawomanofhertime.Shechosetoperformherresearchinthedevelopingworld.ShewenttoanislandvillageinthePacificOcean.Shewentalone.Theyearwasnineteentwenty-five.AtthattimezyoungAmericanwomendidnottravelfarawayfromhomebythemselves.Theydidnotaskstrangerspersonalquestions.Theydidnotobservebirthsanddeathsunlesstheywereinvolvedinmedicalwork.MargaretMeaddidallthosethings.(MUSIC)VOICEONE:MargaretMeadwasborninnineteen-oh-oneinPhiladelphia,Pennsylvania.Herfatherwasaprofessoroffinance.Hermotherwasasociologist.Fewwomenattendedcollegeinthosedays.However,MargaretMeadbeganherstudiesinnineteennineteenatDePauwUniversityinGreencastle,Indiana.Shesoondecidedthatlivinginasmalltowndidnotimproveone'smind.SoshemovedtoNewYorkCitytostudyEnglishandpsychologyatBarnardCollege.Shegraduatedinnineteentwenty-three.VOICETWO:MargaretMeadin1928onacanoewithchildrenonManusisland,inwhatisnowpartofPapuaNewGuineaMargaretnextdecidedtostudyanthropologyatColumbiaUniversityinNewYork.Shewantedtoexaminetheactivitiesandtraditionsofdifferentsocieties.Shelaterearnedmaster'sanddoctoratedegrees.MizMeadstudiedwithtwofamousanthropologists:FranzBoasandRuthBenedict.MisterBoasbelievedthattheenvironmentpeoplegrowupin-notfamilygenes-causedmostculturaldifferencesamongpeople.Thisbeliefalsoinfluencedhisyoungstudent.MargaretMeadaskedtodoresearchinSamoainthePacificOcean.MisterBoaswasconcernedforhersafety.Buthelethergo.HetoldhertolearnabouthowyoungSamoanwomenwereraised.VOICEONE:Ingraduateschool,Margarethadmarried1.utherCressman,whowasstudyingtobeaclergyman.HewenttoEuropetocontinuehisstudies.ShewentalonetoSamoainnineteentwenty-five.SheworkedamongthepeopleofTauIsland.Thepeoplespokeadifficultlanguagethathadneverbeenwrittendown.1.uckily,shewasabletolearnlanguageseasily.MizMeadstudiedthelivesofSamoangirls.Shewasnotmucholderthanthegirlsshequestioned.Shesaidtheirlifewasfreeoftheangerandrebellionfoundamongyoungpeopleinothersocieties.ShealsosaidSamoangirlshadsexualrelationswithanyonetheywanted.Shesaidtheirsocietydidnoturgethemtolovejustoneman.Andshesaidtheirsocietydidnotcondemnsexbeforemarriage.MargaretMeadsaidshereachedthesebeliefsafterninemonthsofobservationinSamoa.Theyhelpedmakeherbook"ComingofAgeinSamoa"oneofthebest-sellingbooksofthetime.MizMeadwasjusttwenty-sevenyearsoldwhenherbookwaspublishedinnineteentwenty-eight.ManyAmericanreaderswereshockedbyherobservationsaboutthesexualfreedomenjoyedbyyoungSamoanwomen.VOICETWO:Severalsocialscientistslaterdisputedherfindings.AustraliananthropologistDerekFreemanwroteabookwhichcriticizedherwork.Thebookwaspublishedinnineteeneighty-three,fiveyearsafterherdeath.HewrotethatMizMeadmadeherobservationsfromjustafewtalkswithtwofriendlyyoungwomen.Hewrotethattheywantedtotellinterestingstoriestoaforeignvisitor.Buttheirstorieswerenotnecessarilytrue.MisterFreemansaidSamoansocietyvaluedayoungwomanwhohadnothadsexualrelations.HesaidTauIslandmenrefusedtomarrywomenwhohadhadsex.However;manypublishedreportsaboutthedebateraisedquestionsaboutMisterFreeman'scriticism.Afteryearsofdiscussion,manyanthropologistsconcludedthatthetruthwouldprobablyneverbeknown.(MUSIC)VOICEONE:AfterninemonthsamongtheSamoans,MargaretMeadreturnedtotheUnitedStates.ShemetastudentfromNewZealand,ReoFortune,onthelongtriphome.Hermarriageto1.utherCressmanended.ShemarriedMisterFortune,alsoananthropologist,innineteentwenty-eight.TheywenttoNewGuineatoworktogether.Itwouldbethefirstofseventripsthatshewouldmaketotheareainthenextforty-sevenyears.VOICETWO:ThetwostudiedthepeopleofseveralareasofNewGuinea.Shepublishedanotherinfluentialbook,"SexandTemperamentinThreePrimitiveSocieties,"innineteenthirty-five.ItwasastudyofthelivesofthreeNewGuineatribesfrominfancytoadulthood.MizMeadwrotethatmanyso-calledmaleandfemalecharacteristicsarenotbasedonsexdifferences.Insteadtheyreflecttheculturaltraditionsofdifferentsocieties.ShewrotethatwomenhavethemajorroleinonegroupinNewGuineawithoutcausinganyspecialproblems.Thisbookbecameimportantforthewomen'srightsmovementintheUnitedStates.VOICEONE:NotlongaftertheirNewGuineatripended,MargaretMead'smarriagetoReoFortunealsoended.Innineteenthirty-six,shemarriedforthethirdtime.HernewhusbandwasGregoryBateson,aBritishbiologist.MisterBatesonandMizMeaddecidedtoworktogetherontheislandofBaliinIndonesia.ThepeopleofBaliproudlysharedtheirrichcultureandtraditions.MizMeadobservedandrecordedtheiractivities.MisterBatesontookphotographs.TheBatesonshadadaughter.Buttheirmarriageendedinnineteenfifty.(MUSIC)VOICETWO:Astimewenton,MargaretMead'sfamecontinuedtogrow.Herbookssoldverywell.Shealsowroteforpopularmagazines.Sheappearedonradioandtelevisionprogramsinthenineteensixtiesandseventies.Shespokebeforemanygroups.Americanslovedtohearaboutherworkandthepeopleshestudied.Afterhertrips,MargaretMeadalwaysreturnedtotheAmericanMuseumofNaturalHistoryinNewYorkCity.Sheworkedthereformorethanfiftyyears.ShealsotaughtatseveraluniversitiesinNewYork.Shestudiedtheproblemsofchild-rearing,personalityandcultureindifferentsocieties.MargaretMeadwasalsoconcernedaboutissuesliketheenvironment.OnApriltwenty-second,nineteenseventy,environmentalactivistsorganizedthefirsteverEarthDay.MargaretMeadspokeaboutthedangersofscienceandtechnology.MARGARETMEAD:"Nosocietyhaseveryetbeenabletohandlethetemptationsoftechnologytomastery,towaste,toexuberance,toexplorationandexploitation.Wehavetolearntocherishthisearthandcherishitassomethingthat'sfragile,that'sonlyone,it'sallwehave.Wehavetouseourscientificknowledgetocorrectthedangersthathavecomefromscienceandtechnology."VOICEONE:OtherscientistspaidMargaretMeadahighhonorwhenshewasseventy-fouryearsold.TheyelectedherpresidentoftheAmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofScience.Afewyearslater,shedevelopedcancer.Butshecontinuedtotravel,speakandstudyalmosttotheendofherlife.Onefriendsaid:"MargaretMeadwasnotgoingtoletalittlethinglikedeathstopher."(MUSIC)VOICETWO:ThisprogramwaswrittenbyJerilynWatson.ItwasproducedbyJuneSimms.mShirleyGriffith.VOICEONE:AndmSteveEmber.YoucanlearnaboutotherfamousAmericansonourWebsite,.JoinusagainnextweekforPEOP1.EINAMERICAinVOASpecialEnglish.