美国名人 医生 伊丽莎白·布莱克威尔.docx

美国名人医生伊丽莎白布莱克威尔ElizabethBlackwell,1821-1910:TheFirstWesternWomaninModemTimestoBecomeaDoctorplaystopmutemaxvolume00:00-17:54repeatByNancySteinbach2010-9-8Photo:nih.govElizabethgraduatedfromGenevaMedicalSChOolineighteenforty-nine,becomingthefirstwomaninthewesternworldtohavempletedmedicalschooltraining.STEVEEMBER:EveryweekwetellaboutsomeoneimportantinthehistoryoftheUnitedStates.Today,ShirleyGriffithandRayFreemantellaboutthefirstwesternwomaninmoderntimestobecomeadoctor.Now,thestoryofElizabethBlackwellontheVOASpecialEnglishprogramPEOP1.EINAMERICA.(MUSIC)SHIR1.EYGRIFFITH：ElizabethBlackwellwasborninBristol,Englandineighteentwenty-one.Herparents,HannahandSamuelBlackwellbelievedstronglythatallhumanbeir)gsareequal.Elizabeth'sfatherownedasuccessfulsugarcompany.Heworkedhardathisjob.HealsoworkedtosupportreformsinEngland.Heopposedtheslavetrade.Hetriedtohelpimprovelowpayandpoorlivingconditionsofworkers.Andhewantedwomentohavethesamechanceforeducationasmen.Hecarriedthisoutinhisownhome.Elizabethhadthreebrothersandfoursisters.Allfollowedthesameplanofeducation.Theyallstudiedhistory,mathematics,1.atinandGreek.ThesesubjectswerenormallytaughtOntytoboys.FnendsaskedSamuelBlackwellwhatheexpectedthegirlstodowithallthateducation.Heanswered:*Theyshalldowhattheyplease*.RAYFREEMAN：Ineighteenthirty-twozSamuelBlackwell'ssugarfactoryWaSdestroyedbyfire.HeandhiswifedecidedtomovethefamilytotheUnitedStates.Elizabethwaselevenyearsold.TheBlackwellssettledinNewYorkCity.ButMisterBlackwell'sbusinesstherefailed.Thefamilymovedwest,tothecityofCincinnati,ontheOhioRiver.SamuelBlackwellwassickformuchofthetrip.HediedsoonafterarrivinginOhio.TbhelpsupportthefamilyElizabethandhertwooldersistersstartedaschoolforgirlsintheirhome.Twoyoungerbrothersfoundjobs.Inthenextfewyears,Elizabeth'sbrothersbecamesuccessfulinbusiness.Thegirlscontinuedoperatingtheirschool.ButElizabethwasnothappy.Shedidnotliketeaching.Elizabethbegantovisitafamilyfriendwhowassufferingfromcancer.ThewomanknewsheWaSdying.Shesaidwomenshouldbepermittedtobecomedoctorsbecausetheyaregoodathelpingsickpeople.Thedyingfriendsaidthatperhapshersicknesswouldhavebeenbetterunderstoodifshehadbeentreatedbyawoman.AndshesuggestedthatElizabethstudymedicine.nih.govElizabethlackwellstartedAmerica'sfirsttrainingschoolfornurses.SHIR1.EYGRIFFITH：ElizabethknewthatnoWOmanhadeverbeenpermittedtostudyinamedicalschool.Butshebegantothinkabouttheideaseriouslyafterthev/omanwhohadsuggesteditdied.Elizabethdiscusseditwiththefamilydoctor.Hewasopposed.Butherfamilysupportedtheidea.SoElizabethtookateachingjobinthesouthernstateofNorthCarolinatoearnmoneyformedicalschool.Anotherteacherthereagreedtohelpherstudythesciencesshewouldneed.Thenextyear;$hestudiedmedicineprivatelywithadoctor.Hewasalsoamedicalschoolprofessor.HetoldElizabeththatthebestmedicalschoolswereinPhiladelphia.RAYFREEMAN：NomedicalschoolnPhiladelphiawouldaccepther.CollegeofficialstoldhershemustgotoParisandpretendtobeamanifshewantedtobecomeadoctor.Elizabethrefused.Shewrotetoothermedicalcolleges-Harvard,Yale,andother;lesswell-knownones.Allrejectedher,exceptGenevaMedicalCollegeinthestateofNewYork.Shewentthereimmediately,butdidnotfeelwelcome.Itwasnotuntilmuchlaterthatshelearnedthereason:heracceptancewasajoke.Theteachersatthecollegedecidednottoadmitawoman.ButtheydidnotwanttoinsultthedoctorwhohadwrittentosupportEIizabeth1Sdesiretostudymedicine.Sotheyletthemedicalstudentsdecide.Themalestudentsthoughtitfunnythatawomanwantedtoattendmedicalschool.So,asajokeftheyvotedtoaccepther.TeyregrettedtheirdecisionbythetimeElizabetharrived,buttherewasnothingtheycoulddo.Shewasthere.Shepaidhermoney.Shewantedtostudy.Shirleygriffith:ElizabethBlackwellfacedmanyproblemsinmedicalschool.Someprofessorsrefusedtoteachher.Somestudentsthreatenedher.Butfinallytheyacceptedher.ElizabethgraduatedwithhighhonorsfromGenevaMedicalSchoolineighteenforty-nine.Shewastheonlywomaninthewesternworldtohavecompletedmedicalschooltraining.ThreemonthsIaterzDoctorElizabethBlackwellwenttoParistoIeamtobeasurgeon.ShewantedtoworkinahospitaltheretoIeamhowtooperateonpatients.ButnohospitalwantedherNoonewouldregizethatshewasadoctor.Ahospitalforwomenandbabiesagreedtoletherstudythere.Butshehadtodothetasksofanursingstudent.Atthehospital,DoctorBlackwellaccidentallygotachemicalliquidinhereye.Itbecameinfected.Shebecameblindinthateye.Soshewasforcedtogiveupherdreamsofbecomingssurgeon.Instead,shewentto1.ondontostudyatSaintBartholomew,sHospital.There,shemetthefamousnurseFlorenceNightingale.ElizabethreturnedtotheUnitedStatesineighteenfifty-one.SheopenedamedicalofficeinNewYorkCity.Butnopatientscame.SodoctorBlackwellopenedanofficeinapoorpartofthecitytohelppeoplewholivedunderdifficultconditions.Andshedecidedtoraiseayounggirlwhohadlostherparents.nih.govElizabethBlackwellandherdaughterKatharine"KlttrBarryBlackwell,1905RAYFREEMAN:ElizabethBlackwellhadmanydreams.Onewastostartahospitalforwomenandchildren.Anotherwastobuildamedicalschooltotrainwomendoctors.ShewashelpedintheseeffortsbyheryoungersisterEmlMEmilyalsohadbecomeadoctor,afteralongstruggletobeacceptedinamedicalschool.Withthehelpofmanypeople,theBlackwellsistersraisedthemoneytoopenahospitalinare-bulthouse.TheworkofthetwowomendoctorswasacceptedslowlyinNewYork.Theytreatedonlythreehundredpeopleintheirhospitalinitsfirstyear.Tentimesasmanypeopleweretreatedthesecondyear.Shirleygriffith:ElizabethBlackwell'sworkwiththeprledhertobelievethatdoctorscouldhelppeoplemoreeffectivelybypreventingsickness.Shestartedaprograminwichdoctorsvisitedpatientsintheirhomes.Thedoctorstaughtpatientshowtocleanthehousesandhowtopreparefoodsosicknesscouldbeprevented.NewsofElizabeth'stheoriesspread.Snrshewasaskedtostartahospitalin1.ondon.Shespoketogroupsin1.ondonaboutdiseaseprevention.AndsheworkedwithherfriendFlorenceNightingale.ElizabethreturnedtotheUnitedStatestostartAmerica'sfirsttrainingschoolfornurses.Andineighteensi×tyelgt,sheopenedhermedicalcollegeforwomen.Shetaughtthewomenstudentsaboutdiseaseprevention.Itwasthefirsttimetheideaofpreventingdiseasewastaughtinamedicalschool.SoonothermedicalschoolsforwomenopenedinBostonandPhiladelphia.RAYFREEMAN:ElizabethBlackwellfeltherworkinAmericawasdone.ShereturnedtoEngland.SestartedamedicalschoolforwomenIn1.ondon.Sewrotebooks,andmadespeechesaboutpreventingdisease.DoctorBlackwelltalkedofdeathsthatshouldneverhavehappened,ofsicknessthatshouldneverhavebeensuffered.Shespokeaboutthedangersofworkingtoohard,ofeatingpoorfood,ofhouseswithoutlight,ofdirtandothercausesofdisease.Andshetolddoctorsthattheirtrueresponsibilitywastopreventpainandsufferingfromeverhappening.IneighteensevetyonezshestartedtheBritishNationalHealthSociety.Ithelpedpeoplelearnhowtostayhealthy.Shirleygriffith:ElizabethBlackwellnevermarried.Neitherdidhersisters.Theybelievedintreatingmenlikeequals.Andtheyexpectedtobetreatedlikeequalsthemselves.Mostmenofthattimedidnotacceptsuchtreatment.Thisbeliefcausedproblemsfortheirbrotherstoo.Theyhadtroublefindingwiveswhowantedtobeconsideredasequals.TwoofElizabeth'sbrothersdidmarry,however.Boththeirwiveswerefamousworkersforthecauseofwomen'srights.RAYFREEMAN:ElizabethBlackwelldiedinEnglandinnineteenten.Shewaseightynieyearsold.Shewasaverystrongwoman.Sheoncewrotethatsheunderstoodwhynowomanbeforeherhaddonewhatshedid.Shesaiditwashardtocontinueagainsteverykindofopposition.Yetshekeptonbecauseshefeltthegoalwasveryimportant.Towardtheendofherlife,shereceivedmanylettersofthanksfromyoungwomen.OnewrotethatdoctorBlackwellhadshownthewayforwomentomoveon.(MUSIC)SHIR1.EYGRIFFITH:ThisSpecialEnglishprogramwaswrittenbyNancySteinbach.mShirleyGriffith.RAYFREEMAN:AndmRayFreeman.JoinusagainnextweekforanotherPEOP1.EINAMERICAprogramontheVoiceofAmerica.