3.天津812爆炸事件的反思(第三部分).docx

1 .坚持预防为主!.Stickingtotheprincipleofpreventionfirst凡事预则立，有备则无患。2007年11月，国家层面的突发事务应对法正式颁布实施，同时也要求各地政府制定与之相配套的详细实施方法。天津市实施中华人民共和国突发事务应对法方法颁布实施的时间是2015年7月1日，正好是天津特大火灾爆炸事故发生前一个月，这个时间已经是国家突发事务应对法颁布实施近8年，8年时间探讨制定出一部详细的实施方法本应当更详细、更有效，但实际检验来看，天津市政府在应急管理方面还有诸多要加强，依旧须要完善，正如2016年1月24日天津市市长黄兴国在做政府工作报告时说，平安是发展的基础，是最大的民生。天津港“812”瑞海公司危急品仓库火灾爆炸事故造成重大人员伤亡和财产损失，这起事故反映出天津市平安生产存在的突出问题，深化实施平安天津建设纲要，全面落实主体责任、制度规范、设施建设、全员平安、信息管理和专家检查“5+1”平安监管措施，以坚决的看法严守平安红线。AsthesayinggoesPreparednessensuressuccess,unpreparednessspellsfailure,andpreparednessalsopreventscalamity.,InNovember2007,thenationallevelof44MeasuresDealingwithEmergencies1.aw,wasformallypromulgatedandimplemented,andalsorequiredlocalgovernmentstodevelopandimplementthesimilarlyspecificmeasures.TianjinCity,“theimplementationoftthepeople'sRepublicofChina,sMethodsDealingwithEmergency1.aW'"promulgatedtheimplementationinJuly1,2015,whichisjustthemomentthatTianjinextralargefireandexplosionaccidentoccurredamonthbefore,thistimeisalreadynational“TheMeasuresDealingwithEmergencies1.aw“promulgatedandimplementedinrecent8years,8yearsofresearchdevelopaspecificmeasuresfortheimplementationofthisshouldbemorespecific,moreeffective,accordingtotheactualtesting,Tianjinmunicipalgovernmentinemergencymanagementtherearemanyaspectstostrengthen,stillneedtoimprove,justasonJanuary24,2016,TianjinmayorHuangXingguosaidinthegovernmentworkreport,44safetyisthefoundationofdevelopmentandthelargestlivelihood.Tianjinport”812,Ruihaicompany,thewarehousewherestoredthedangerousgoodstookplacethefireexplosionaccidentcausedheavycasualtiesandpropertylosses,theaccidentreflectstheoutstandingproblemsexistingintheproductionsafetyinTianjincity,in-depthimplementationof44SafetyConstructionofTianjinoutline,fullyimplementthemainresponsibility,normativesystem,infrastructureconstruction,fullsecurity,informationmanagementandexpertstoinspectthe"5+'safetysupervisionmeasures,witharesoluteattitudetokeepstrictsecurityredline.2 .坚持以人为本!.Upholdingpeopleasfoundation发生突发事务往往必定会造成财物损失、设备损坏或人员伤亡，特殊是像天津港812发生危急化学品特大火灾爆炸事故，对人财物构成的威逼更大，破坏力更强，往往会发生次生灾难。政府在应急管理当中，面对已经发生的损失，该舍弃的要舍弃，对正在发生的损害，要有选择地施救，首要原则是先救人，坚持以人为本，把人的生命平安放在第一位。详细在事故现场，首先，要在保障救援队伍自身具有平安爱护的前提下开展救灾工作，充分保障救援人员的生命平安，对救援者的生命同样赐予敬重。其次，紧急疏散事故现场周边居民群众，避开次生灾难造成更多居民伤亡。第三，做好医疗、卫生、生活等基本后勤保障，保障受伤群众得到刚好救治，受影响群众得到妥当安置。最终，加强对受灾人群的灾后心理救助。Theoccurrenceofunexpectedeventsareboundtocausepropertydamage,equipmentdamageorpersonnelcasualties,especiallylikeTianjinPort812occurrenceofdangerouschemicalscatastrophicfireexplosionandpropertyonthegreaterthreat,moredestructive,oftensecondarydisasters.Governmentinemergencymanagement,facingthelosshasoccurred,theabandonedtogiveup,toongoingdamagetoselectivelyrescue.Thefirstprincipleistosavelives,toadheretothepeople-oriented,putpeople'slifesafetyinthefirstplace.Specificallyatthesceneoftheaccident,firstofall,toguaranteetherescueteamhasitsownsecurityprotectionunderthepremisetocarryoutreliefwork,tofullyprotecttherescuepersonnellifesafety,togiverespecttothelifeoftherescuersalso.Secondly,toevacuatedthesurroundingresidentsatthesceneoftheaccident,toavoidsecondarydisasterscausingmorecasualtiesamongresidents.Thirdly,todoagoodjobinthemedical,health,lifeandotherbasiclogisticalsupporttoprotecttheinjuredpeoplegettimelytreatment,theaffectedpeopleareproperlyplaced.Finally,itisnecessarytostrengthentheaffectedpopulationofpostdisasterpsychologicalassistance.3 .坚持科学施救4 .Adheringtothescientificrescue盲目施救往往会导致次生灾难，造成二次或多次伤亡，越是发生重大灾难性事故，越要求政府管理应急冷静处置，要科学推断潜在风险，科学决策、科学施救、平安施救，做到时间听从进度、进度听从质量与平安，全力以赴打好抢险救援攻坚战。首先，要发挥科技专家的智囊作用，为科学施救供应智力支持，指定科学的救援方法。其次，注意发挥专业队伍的救灾作用。第三、充分利用现代信息网络技术，配备和运用科技先进救灾仪器和设备，提高救灾效率。Blindlyrescueoftenleadstosecondarydisasters,whichresultsinsecondaryormultiplecasualties,themoredisastrousaccident,themorecalmdispositionrequirementsofgovernmentemergencymanagement.Toscientificallydeterminethepotentialrisk,scientificdecision-making,scientificrescue,thesafetyofrescueanddofollowtheprogressinobediencetothequalityandsafety,andgoallouttoplayagoodrescuebattle.Firstofall,letthescienceandtechnologyexpertsthinktankplaytheirroles,provideintellectualsupportforthescientificrescue,scientificmeasurestorescuethespecified.Secondly,focusingontheroleoftheprofessionalteamofdisasterreliefrole.Third,makefulluseofmoderninformationnetworktechnology,equipmentandtechnologyadvancedrescueequipmentandequipmentuseandimprovetheefficiencyofdisasterrelief.5 .坚持统一指挥6 .Persistingintheuniedcommand条块分割、各自为政、缺乏协调统一的指挥是发生重大灾难事故后应急管理不能充分发挥应急救援效能的重要因素。应急管理存在跨界性，经常须要跨越地域边界和职能边界，在天津港特大火灾爆炸事故应急管理当中，就存在天津市、天津滨海新区、天津市交委、天津港及天津各有关部门之间的博弈，这导致许多职能部门并不能较好的协调协作，存在推卸责任的情形。瑞海公司所在的天津港在行政地理区划上属于天津市滨海新区，但作为中心直属企业，主管单位为交通运输部，因此，瑞海公司作为危急化学品仓储运输企业，其平安生产和管理既受天津港的监督，也受到天津市交通运输委员会、天津市平安生产监督管理局、滨海新区平安生产监督管理局、滨海新区规划和国土资源管理局的监管，因此，对于中心直属企业内所发生重大突发事故，须要在更高层次上设立指挥中心，打破条块分割，统一指挥和协调各职能部门开展紧急救援及事后缘由调查。Thegovernmentorganizationiscarvedup,eachofthemdoesthingsseparately.1.ackingofcoordinationandunityofcommandisanimportantfactorafteramajordisasteraccidenthappenedinwhichtheemergencymanagementcan,tplayaroleinemergencyrescueefficiency.Emergencymanagementiscross-border,whichoftenacrossgeographicalboundariesandfunctionalboundaries,intheemergencymanagementofTianjinportfireexplosionaccident,TianjinCity,TianjinBinhainewarea,Tianjintransportationcommittee,thegamebetweentheTianjinportandtherelevantdepartmentsofTianjinresultedthatmanydepartmentsshirkresponsibilityandcannothaveacoordinationrelationship.TheRuihaicompanyislocatedinTianjinRuihaiportwhichbelongstoTianjinBinhaiNewAreaintheadministrativeregionalization,butastheenterprisesdirectlyleadunderthecentralgovernment,themajordepartmentisTheMinistryofTransport.Therefore,asthestorageandtransportationenterprises,Ruihairunsthehazardouschemicals,itssafeproductionandmanagementisunderthesupervisionoftheportofTianjin,andalsobyTianjinMunicipalTransportationCommissionMember,TianjinMunicipalProductionSafetySupervisionandManagementBureau,BinhaiNewAreaofProductionSafetySupervisionandManagementBureau,coastaldistrictplanningandmanagementof1.andResourcesBureauofsupervision.Consequently,fortheenterprisesdirectlyleadunderthecentralgovernmentintheeventofamajoremergencyaccidentwhichneedstobesetupcommandcenterinthehigherlevel,tobreakthefragmentation,touniteofcommandandcoordination,tocarryoutemergencyrescueandsubsequentinvestigationofthecauseinallfunctionaldepartments.7 .坚持依法应对7.1 nsistingonlawfullyreply针对突发事务，政府的应急管理和处置必须要依法。平安生产法、突发事务应对法和各地政府的详细实施方法是各地政府应对突发事务最根本的法律依据。事前要依法做好平安防范，根据平安生产法律法规进行监督、检查、审批。事中要依法紧急处置，依法封锁危急场所，划定警戒区，实行交通管制，依法从严惩处破坏、扰乱社会秩序的行为，维护社会治安；依法征用向单位和个人征用应急救援所需设备、设施、场地、交通工具和其他物资。事后要依法善后，对征用的物资要依法进行偿还或赔偿，对事故缘由依法进行调查，对责任依法进行追究，对事故损失依据责任依法进行赔偿。天津港爆炸的善后处理中，滨海新区政府出面与房屋受损业主谈判，对受损房屋进行回购，这样的政府回购是否合理、合法，存在极大争议。Foremergencies,emergencymanagementanddisposalOfgovernmentmustbeaccordingtothelaw.ttSafetyProduction1.aw“，“MeasuresDealingwithEmergencies1.aw"andthespecificmethodsoflocalgovernmentsisthelegalbasisforlocalgovernmentstodealwithemergencies.Themostfundamentaladvanceistodoagoodjobinsecurity,inaccordancewiththelawsandregulationsofsafetyproductionsupervisionandinspection,examinationandapproval.Accordingtotheemergencydisposalprocessandtheblockadeofdangerousplaces,designatedwarningarea,theimplementationoftrafficcontrol,severelypunishingthosewhodamageanddisturbsocialorder,maintainofpublicsecurity;requisitionedunitsandindividualstosignwiththenecessaryemergencyrescueequipment,facilities,venues,transportationandothersupplies.Afterwardstotheaftermathofthelaw,therequisitionofsupplies,accordingtothelawofpaymentorcompensation,toinvestigatethecauseoftheaccidentinaccordancewiththelawofaccountability,thelossoftheaccidentliabilityinaccordancewiththelawforcompensation.OnthebasisofTianjinportexplosionBombingofthedeal,theBinhaiNewDistrictgovernmentneedtonegotiatewiththeownersofdamagedhouses,tobuybackthedamagedhouses,whetherthegovernmentbuybackisreasonableorlegitimate,thereisagreatcontroversy.8 .消防队伍职业化6.Makethefirebrigadeprofessional我国当前消防力气的构成是以公安消防部队为主，专职消防队、志愿消防队为辅。消防队伍所实行的部队现役体制确定了其始终是一支年轻的队伍，这支队伍在重大突发事务及抗震救灾中当中的确发挥了重要作用，但是其终归是由现役军人组成，面临服役期的限制，消防队员服役期满后就将离开消防队伍，这确定了现行的消防力气始终处于新老交替的流淌状态，这种流淌状态确定了经过肯定培训和熬炼实践获得了丰富实战阅历的消防队员不能职业性地长期从事消防工作，在实际抢险中往往是消防阅历不非常丰富的新的消防员，增加了消防员的平安风险。我国应借鉴发达国家阅历，在消防队伍建设上应当朝职业化方向发展，走消防力气职业化道路。在英国，特地设有消防学院，从新入职的消防员到地方消防官员都需到学院接受培训；日本建有特地的消防学校，队员经过严格的职业教化训练，才能成为合格消防员；美国也有三分之一左右的消防员属于职业消防员。China,scurrentfirepowerismainlybythepublicsecurityfiretroops,full-timefirebrigade,volunteerfirebrigadeforcessystemasasupplement.Thefireteamdecidesthatitisalwaysayoungteam,theteamplaysanimportantroleinmajoremergenciesanddisasterrelief,butitisafterallcomposedofservicemen,facingtheservicetimelimit,firefighters,aftertheserviceperiod,willleavethefireteam,whichdeterminesthecurrentfirestrengthhasalwaysbeeninastateofflowbetweentheoldandthenew,theflowstatedecidesthatafteracertaintrainingandexercisepractice,thefirefightersgainedrichexperienceinactualcombat,buttheycannotbeengagedintheactualworkofthefire,thenewfirefightersoftenhavepoorexperienceforfirerescuewhichincreasessecurityrisks.Therefore,Chinashouldlearntheexperiencefromdevelopedcountries,inthebuildingoffirebrigade,Chinashouldgoafteraprofessionaldirection,goafirepowerprofessionalroad.IntheUK,aspecializedfireacademy,fromnewintothepositionoffirefighterstolocalfireofficialsneedtocometoschooltoreceivetraining;Japanhasaspecialfireschool,playersafterstricttrainingofvocationaleducation,inordertobecomequalifiedfirefighters;theUnitedStatesalsohaveaboutone-thirdoffiremenbelongtothecareerfirefightersinthefiretroopconstruction.