独立主格用法详解.docx

独立主格用法详解一、独立主格构造的特点独立主格构造是一个名词或代词(作为逻辑主语)，加上一个形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等在句中作状语。它有以下三个特点：(1)独立主格构造的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在。(2)名词或代词与后面的形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等存在逻辑上的主谓关系。(3)独立主格构造一般用逗号与主句分开，但与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。二、独立主格构造的形式英语中，独立主格构造的形式是:名词或代词跟形容词、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词连在一起，构成独立主格构造。1 .名词/代词+不定式。如:Ahousetobebuilt,wemustsaveeverycent.由于要建一座房子，我们必须节省每一分人民币。NowhereisLiLei,WeiFangtocometomorrow.现在李蕾来了，魏方明天到。2 .名词/代词+-ing分词o如：Thebuscomingheresoon,weshouldgeteverythingready.汽车很快就要来了，我们应该把一切事情准备好。Motherbeingill,LiLeiwasveryworried.母亲病了，李蕾非常焦急。3 .名词/代词+动词的过去分词。如：HisCUPbroken,heusedhisbowlinstead.茶杯破了，他就用碗来代替。4 .名词/代词+形容词。如I：Thegroundmuddy,weshouldbecareful.地面泞泥，我们应该小心。5 .名词/代词+副词。如：Theclassover,weallwentouttoplay.下课后，我们都出去玩。6 .名词/代词+介词短语。如(fromyygrammar)：Glassesinhishand,heaskedwherehisglasseswere.手里拿着眼镜，他问他的眼镜哪去了。三、独立主格构造的句法功能独立主格构造在句子中作状语,表示时间、原因、条件和伴随等情况。1 .作时间状语Schoolover,thestudentswenthome.放学后，学生们都回家了。Theceremonyended,thegamesbegan.仪式完毕后,比赛开场了。2 .作条件状语Itbeingfinetomorrow,wellgoboating.如果明天天气好的话，我们就去划船。1.iLeicoming,itisnotnecessarytoaskWuDong.如果李蕾来的话，就没有必要叫吴东了。3 .作原因状语Themeetingbeingputoff,weneedn,thurry.由于会议推迟了，我们就没有必要匆忙了。Mr.Libeingill,MissYangwillgiveusthislessoninstead.李教师病了，杨教师将代他来给我们上这堂课。4 .作伴随状语Mr.Licomeshere,abookinhishand.李先生手里拿着书过来了。Asmileonherface,sheaskedwhatshecoulddoforus.她面带微笑问道我们要什么。使用独立主格构造的几点注意1 .独立主格与状语从句的转换当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不是指同一个对象时，可用独立主格构造取代状语从句,但不再保存连词。如：Afterclasswasover(=Classbeingover/Classover),thestudentssoonlefttheClaSSrOOm.下课后，学生很快离开了教室。2 .不能省略being(havingbeen)的情形在以下两种情况下，独立主格构造中的being(或havingbeen)不能省略：独立.主格构造的逻辑主语是代词时。如：ItbeingSunday,wewenttoChUrCh.因为是星期天，我们去了做礼拜。(2)在Therebeing+名词的构造中。如：Therebeingnobus,wehadtogohomeonfoot.因为没有公共汽车，所以我们不得不步行回家。3 .独立主格构造没有所有格形式Thechief-editorarriving,webeganthemeeling.主编来了，我们开场开会。比较动名词复合构造：Thechief-editor,sarrivingmadeusverysurprised.4 .独立主格的时态问题独立独格构造作时间或原因状语时,可用完成时，表示该动作发生在谓语之前。如：Thelistenershavingtakentheirseats,theconcertbegan.听众坐好后，音乐会开场了。Tomhavingbeenlateoverandover,hisbosswasVerydiSaPPOilUed.由于汤姆一再迟到，他的老板非常失望。英语独立主格构造常见类型独立主格类型h名词（代词）+现在分词Thequestionbeingsettled,wewenthome.问题解决之后，我们就回家了。Weshallplaythematchtomorrow,weatherpenitting.明天假设天气好，我们就进展比赛。Themonitorbeingill,wc,dbetterputthemeetingOff.班长病了，我们最好还是延期开会吧。独立主格类型2,名词（代词）+过去分词Thejobfinished,weWenthOme.工作完毕后我们就回家了。Thelastbushavinggone,wehadtowalkhome.最后-班公车已经走了，我们必须走路回家。Moretimegiven,weshouldhavedonethejobmuchbetter.如果给我们更多的时间，我们会把工作做得更好。独立主格类型3：名词（代词）+不定式Nobodytocometomorrow,wewillhavetoputoffthemeetingtillnextWeek.如果明天没有人来，我们将把会议推迟到下周。Somanypeopletohelphim,heissuretoSUCCeed.有如此多的人来帮助他，他定会成功的。独立主格类型4：名词（代词）+介词短语Thesoldiersdashedin,rifleinhand.士兵们端着枪冲了进来。Agirlcamein,bookinhand.一个少女进来了，手里拿着书。Hewaswaiting,hiseyesonherback.他在等着，眼睛望着她的背影。独立主格类型5：名词（代词）+形容词或副词Hesatinthefrontrow,hismouthhalfOPen.他坐在前排，嘴半开着。Shesatatthetable,collaroff,headdown,andpeninposition,readytobeginthelongIetter.她坐在桌前，衣领已解掉，头低了下来，拿好钢笔，准备开场写一封长信。独立主格类型6：Therebeing+名词（代词）Therebeingnothingelsetodo,wewenthome.没有别的事可做，我们就回家了。Therebeingnofurtherbusiness,IdeclarethemeetingCIoSed.没有再要讨论的事了，我宣布散会。独立主格类型7,Itbeing+名词（代词）ItbeingChristmas,thegovernmentofficeswereCIOSed.由于圣诞节的缘故，政府机关都休息。Itbeingaholiday,alltheshopswereShUt.由于今天是假日，所有商店都关门了。比较：独立主格构造叮with合构造。如：Don,tsleepwiththewindowsOPen.别开着窗睡觉。Hestoodbeforehisteacherwithhisheaddown.他低着头站在教师面前。Hewaslyingonthebedwithallhisclotheson.他和衣躺在床上。Shecameinwithabookinherhand.她手里拿着一本书走了进来。Hefellasle叩withthelampbuming.他没熄灯就睡着了。Iwon'tbeabletogoonholidaywithmymotherbeingi11.因为妈妈有病，我无法去度假。HesattherewithhiseyesClOSed.他闭目坐在那儿。Alltheafternoonheworkedwiththedoorlocked.整个下午他都锁着门在房里工作。Ican'tgooutwithalltheseclothestoWaSh.要洗这些衣服，我无法出去了。独立主格构造考题小练1.1 havealotofbooks,halfofnovels.A.whichB.thatC.whomD.them2 .moreandmoreforestsdestroyed,manyanimalsarefacingthedangerofdyingout.A.becauseB.asC.WithD.Since3 .Thebuswascrowdedwithpassengersgoinghomefrommarket,mostofcarryingheavybagsandbasketsfulloffruitandvegetablestheyhadboughtthere.A.themB.whoC.whomD.which4 .ThelargestcollectioneverfoundinEnglandwasoneofabout200,000silverpennies,allofover600yearsold.A.whichB.thatC.themD.it5 .Thecaveverydark,helitsomecandleslight.A.was;givenB.was;togiveC.being;givenD.being;togive6 .Thesoldierrushedintothecave,hisrighthandagunandhisfacewithsweat.Aheld;coveredB.holding;coveringC.holding;coveredD.helcl;covering7 .Thegirlinthesnapshotwassmilingsweetly,herlonghair.A.flowedinthebreezeB.wasflowinginthebreezeC.wereflowinginthebreezeD.owinginthebreeze8 .Thechildrenwenthomefromthegrammarschool,theirlessonsfortheday.A.finishingB.finishedC.hadfinishedD.werefinished9.OnSundaystherewerealotofchildrenplayinginthepark,parentsseatedIogelherjoking.A.theirB.whoseC.whichD.that10.TheSmithsarerichandtheyhavethreecars,oneaToyota,LandRoverofthelatest.A.anotherB.otherC.theOtherDdheothers【答案与解析】1 .Dohalfofthemnovels为独立.主格构造,相当于andhalfofthemarenovelso2 .Co考察“with+名词+过去分词”构造。3 .A。mostofthemcarrying为独立主格构造，相当于andmostofthemwerecarrying.,也可改为：mostofwhomwerecarryings注意改动后连词and的使用和动词Were的使用。4 .Cpallofthemover600yearsold为独立主格构造，相当于andallofthemareover600yearsold。5 .Do第一空填being,构成独立主格构造：第二空填不定式表目的。6 .Co独立.主格构造,hisrighthand与hold有主谓关系，故用holding,rhisface与cover是动宾关系，故用covered.7 .Doherlonghair与flowing是主动关系，这是“独立主格构造"作状语。8 .Bp因IeSSonS与动词finish之间为被动关系，故要用过去分词。其实，theirlessonsfinishedfortheday为独立主格构造。9 .Ao此题容易误选B,认为这是非限制性定语从句。其实，句中的theirparentsseatedtogetherjoking不是非限制性定语从句，而是一个独立主格构造，因为空格后的动词Sealed不是谓语，而是一个过去分词，因为Seat作动词用时，是及物动词。10 .Do易误选C。后面局部实际上是独立主格构造形式，省略了being。补充完整就是：TheSmithsarerichandtheyhavethreecars,onebeingaToyota,theothersbeingLandRoverofthelatest.（两个独立主格构造均表伴随状语）独立主格构造练习1. Theweatherfine,theydecidedtogooutforawalk.A.wereB.wasC.isD.being2. Thecompositiongivenbytheteacher,AlicewenttowatchTV.A.beingdonewellB.hasbeendonewellC.havingdonewellD.donewell3. Thelastplane,theyhadtostayinthehotelforanothernight.A.leftB.havingleftC.havingbeenleftD.beleaving4. Itisabeautifulvillagewithamountainit.A.SurroundedB.surroundingC.havingsurroundedD.havingbeensurrounded5. Everythingintoconsideration,hisworkiswelldone.A.takingB.takenC.hasbeentakenD.beingtaken6. Allhiswork,helefthisofficeatease.A.finishedB.hadbeenfinishedC.finishingD.tofinish7. Thepowerstationwasbuiltontheriverwithourvillageandsomeotherswithelectricity.A.tosupplyB.suppliedC.supplyingD.havingsupplied8. fiveminutesbeforethelasttrainleft,wearrivedatthestation.A.Therebeing;togoB.Itwas;leftC.Ithad;leftD.Therewas;togo9. Christmas,thefamilywasfullofexcitement.A.wasthenonlydaysawayB.werethenonlydaysawayC.thenonlydaysawayD.havingbeenthenonlydaysaway10. Theyfirstreachanagreementonthebasicprinciple,thedetailslater.A.toworkitoutB.havingbeenworkedoutC.tobeworkedoutD.beingworkedout11. Thepurse,theywenttothepolice.A.notyetfoundB.hasn'tbeenfoundC.beingnotfoundD.nothavingyetfound12. Theysatintheroomwiththecurtains.A.drawingB.havingbeendrawnC.drawnD.beingdrawn13. Cars,theywerepunishedbythepolice.A.parkingillegallyB.parkedillegallyC.beingparkedillegallyD.havingparkedillegally14. Mr.Smithstoodbesidethewindow,hisattentionthecaroutside.A.focusonB.focusinguponC.focusedonD.beenfocusedon15. There,weleft.A.beingnothingelsetodoB.isnothingelsetodoC.wasnothingelsetodoD.havingnothingelsetodo