美国总统7 安德鲁·杰克逊.docx

美国总统7安德鲁杰克逊AndrewJackson:LoveHimorHateHim?playstopmutemaxvolume00:00-13:43repeatByVOA02April,2017VOALearningEnglishpresentsAmerica'sPresidents.AndrewJacksonztheseventhpresident,wasunliketheearlierU.S.presidents.Hisfamilywaspoor,hehadlittleeducation,andhelivedonwhatwasthenthewesternpartofthecountry.Jacksonbecamenationallyknownintheearly1800s-firstasafighteragainstNativeAmericantribes,andthenasageneralintheWarof1812againsttheBritish.Hisimageasamilitaryheroandmanofthepeoplemadehimapopularchoiceforthepresidency.ButcriticssaidJacksondidnotacceptanylimitsonhispower.Heisalsorememberedforsupportingslavery,andforforcingNativeAmericansfromtheirhomes.WildchildAndrewJackson'sparentswereimmigrantsfromIreland.HisfatherdiedinanaccidentbeforeAndrew,thethirdandyoungestson,wasborn.WhentheAmericancoloniesenteredawarofindependence,AndrewandhistwobrothersfoughtagainsttheBritish-althoughAndrewwastooyoungtobearegularsoldier.Andrew'soldestbrothersoondied.ThenAndrewandhisotherbrotherwerebothcapturedbyBritishsoldiers.OnecutAndrew'sface,leavingascarthatremainedhisentirelife.ButAndrew,unlikehisbrother,survivedcaptivity.Ashorttimelater,Andrew'smotherbecamesickanddied.Byage15,AndrewJacksonhadnolivingimmediatefamily.Hehadalreadystoppedattendingschool,buttaughthimselfenoughtobecomealawyer.HemovedtowhatbecameNashvillezTennessee,wherehedevelopedasuccessfullawcareer.Intime,heboughtlandandslaves.Jacksonwastallandthinzwithredhairandbrightblueeyes.SometimesJacksonwasplayful.Helovedtodance,holdparties,andplaygameswherehecouldwinmoney."Sometimeshewasviolent.Hewasknownforgettingangryeasily.Jacksonfoughtduelswithseveralmen.Inone,hekilledamanwhoinsultedhiswife.YetmanypeoplelikedJackson'spassionate,action-firstpersonality.BythetimetheUnitedStatesenteredtheWarof1812zJacksonhadbeenacongressman,senator,andjudge.ThreenicknamesJacksondidnothaveanyofficiallyrecognizedmilitarytraining.ButduringtheWarof1812,hevolunteeredintheTennesseemilitiaandquicklytookcontroloftroops.Manyofhissoldierscametorespecthim.Jacksonrefusedtogiveup,evenwhenthegovernmentorderedthemilitiatodisband.And,whensomeofthemenwantedtoleave,hethreatenedthemwithagun.Becausehewasuncompromisingandstrongasatree,soldierscalledJackson"OldHickory."AgroupofCreekIndiansgavehimanothername.Afterhedefeatedtheminbattle,JacksonnegotiatedatreatythatpunishedbothhisNativeAmericanenemiesandhisNativeAmericanallies.ThetreatywasmoreseverethantheU.S.governmenthadasked.Intime,itforcedtheCreeks-aswellasseveralothertribes-offtheirland.Themovewaspopularwithmanywhitesettlers.ItwaslesspopularwiththeCreeks,whocalledJackson"SharpKnife."Hisbest-knownmilitaryoperationwasinNewOrleans,Louisiana.Alarge,experiencedarmyofBritishsoldiersmovedtoattack.Jacksondefendedthecitywithasmallgroupofuntrainedsoldiers.Hisgroupincludedvolunteers,freeblacks,CreoleszNativeAmericans,andpirates.Jackson'sragtagtroopsnotonlydefeatedtheBritishforce,butsufferedonlyafewlosses.Jacksondidn'tknowthatthebattlecameaftertheBritishandAmericanshadalreadyagreedtoendthewar.ButhisvictorytheregavemanyAmericansafeelingofpride.ItalsomadeJacksonfamous.Hebecameknownacrossthecountryasthe"HeroofNewOrleans."StatueofAndrewJacksoninNewOrleans,LouisianaAmanofthepeopleVotersacrossthecountrysupportedJackson,too.Hewasespeciallywell-likedintheSouthandWest.ManyAmericanssawhimasamanofthepeople.Theybelievedhissuccesscamefromexperienceandhardwork,notwealthandfamilyconnections.Inthepresidentialelectionof1824zJacksonreceivedmorepopularandelectoralvotesthananyoftheothercandidates.But,becausenocandidatehadamajority,lawmakersintheHouseofRepresentativesdecidedtheelection.ThoselawmakerschoseJohnQuincyAdams,thesonofformerpresidentJohnAdams.Theywerepersuaded,inpart,becausealeaderinCongress,namedHenryClay,saidJacksondidnothavethetemperamenttobepresident.ImmediatelyafterQuincyAdamswon,heappointedClaysecretaryofstate.TheappointmentangeredJackson.HebelievedAdamsandClayhadenteredintoa"corruptbargain."Inthenextpresidentialelectionfouryearslater,JacksondefeatedQuincyAdamsinalandslide.Andinthepresidentialelectionafterthat,hecrushedHenryClay.ApowerfulpresidentJacksonwantedtobeapowerfulleaderwhocontrolledalimitedfederalgovernment.Buthewantedthatgovernmenttohavepoweroverstategovernments.Forexample,JacksonrefusedtoletthestateofSouthCarolinanullify,orignore,afederallawthatstateofficialsopposed.Jacksonsaidiftheyfailedtoobeythelaw,hewouldconsiderthemtraitorsandsendintroops.Intime,SouthCarolinaandCongresswereabletoreachacompromiseonthelaw.JacksonalsorefusedtoextendthecharteroftheNationalBank.Hebelievedthebankhelpedindustrialistsandbusinessesmorethanfarmersandsettlers.Hismovewaspopularwithmanyvoters-especiallyfarmersandsettlers.ButJackson'sopponentswarnedagainstthebankveto.Theydisagreedwithhiseconomicplan,andtheyobjectedtohowhehadoperatedoutsideofCongress.SenatorscensuredJacksonforactingasifhedidnothavetofollowthelaw.Jackson'ssupportersfoughtback.TheyremovedtheofficialcriticismfromtheSenaterecords.IndianRemovalActof1830Jacksonvetoedmorebillsthanthefirstsixpresidentscombined.Heactivelyworkedforonlyonemajorlaw:theIndianRemovalActof1830.JacksonbelievedNativeAmericansoccupiedlandthatshouldbelongtowhitesettlers.HealsothoughtNativeAmericanswouldbedestroyedorlosetheirculturetowhitepeopleanyway.SoheofferedseveraltribeswhatappearedtobegeneroustreatiestomoveontolandwestoftheMississippiRiver.Butthetreatieswereoftenunfairorillegal.ThetribeswhoacceptedrarelyreceivedthebenefitsJacksonpromisedthem.Andsometribes,suchastheCherokeeszsimplyrefusedtogo.EmpoweredbyJackson'sIndianRemovalAct,U.S.governmentofficialseventuallyforced15z000Cherokeesofftheirland.Theyweremadetomarchover1,600kilometers.About4,000diedonthemarch.Itisrememberedasthe"TrailofTears."Forwhitesettlers,Jackson'sIndianremovalpoliciesresultedinover100z000squarekilometersofnewlandtofarm.Thousandsofcottonplantersmovedwestwiththeirenslavedworkers.TheIndianRemovalActservednotonlytoaidaneconomicboomincotton,buttospreadslaveryfurtherintheUnitedStates.Jacksonhadnoobjections.FinalyearsIn1837,JacksonofficiallymovedoutoftheWhiteHouse-buthedidnotreallyleavethepresidency.HeadvisedthepresidentswhofollowedhimfromhishomeinTennessee.Jacksonhadparticularinfluenceovertwofutureleaders:MartinVanBuren,hisformervicepresident;andJamesPolkzwhosharedJackson'sbeliefssocloselythathewascalled"YoungHickory."Jackson'sbelovedwifezRachelzhaddiedbeforehetookoffice.Theydidnothaveanychildrentogether,buttheyraisedtwoboys:aNativeAmericanorphanwhodiedasateenager;andanephew,whomtheycalledAndrewJacksonzJr.TheyoungerAndrewJacksonandhiswifelivedwiththeformerpresidentinhisfinalyears.Hediedinhisbedat78ofoldwoundsandoldage.Buthislegacyremainsverymuchalive.1.egacyJacksonchangedtheU.S.presidency.Afterhim,presidentialcandidateshadtoshowtheycouldconnectwithvoters,notjustlawmakers.Healsoincreasedthepowerofthechiefexecutive.Jacksonoftenquestioned-Ordismissed-thepowerofCongress,theConstitution,andtheSupremeCourt.Andzhebeganthecustomofreplacingexperiencedgovernmentofficialswithpeoplewhosemainqualificationwastheirloyaltytohim.CriticsaddedtoJackson'snicknames.TheycalledhimKingAndrew,KingMob,orAmericanCesar.TheoppositiontoJacksonledtoanewpoliticalpartycalledtheWhigs.PartofJackson'slegacyisthetwomajorpartysystemthatexistsintheU.S.today.ButthosewholovedJacksonreallylovedhim.Hishumblebeginnings,risetopower,anddefenseofthecommonmaninspiredthem.IntheU.S.,thenameofAndrewJacksonisstilloftenusedasapositivesymbolofAmericandemocracy.mKellyJeanKelly.WordsinThisStorymanofthepeople-n.apoliticianwhounderstandsandislikedbyordinarypeoplepride-n.afeelingthatyourespectyourselfanddeservetoberespectedbyotherpeopletemperament-n.theusualattitude,mood,orbehaviorofapersonnullify-v.tomakesomethinglegallynullcharter-n.adocumentissuedbyagovernmentthatgivesrightstoapersonorgroupgenerous-adj.providingmorethantheamountthatisneededornormal:abundantoramplelegacy-n.somethingthatcomesfromsomeoneinthepastchiefexecutive-n.thepresidentofacountryqualification-n.aspecialskillortypeofexperienceorknowledgethatmakessomeonesuitabletodoaparticularjoboractivity