美国名人 画家 杰克逊·波洛克.docx

美国名人画家杰克逊波洛克JacksonPollockInventedaNewKindofPaintingThatChangedtheWayPeopleLookedatArtplaystopmutemaxvolume00:00-15:32repeatByDanaDemange2005-10-15(MUSIC)VOICEONE:mFaithLapidus.VOICETWO:AndmBobDoughtywithPeopleinAmericainVOASpecialEnglish.Today,wetellaboutthefamousartistJacksonPollockwhohelpedredefinemodernartintheUnitedStates.Pollockinventedanewkindofpaintingthatchangedthewaytheworldlookedatart.(MUSIC)VOICEONE:Untilthetwentiethcentury,mostpaintingswererepresentational.Thismeansthatartists"represented"theirsubjectsinawaythatwasrealisticandrecognizable.However,duringthefirsthalfofthetwentiethcentury,artistslikeJacksonPollockstartedtoexploreothermethodsofrepresentation.Whenhefirstbeganpainting,JacksonPollockpaintedrepresentationalobjectssuchaspeopleandanimals.However,heisfamousforhelpingtocreateawholenewartmovementcalledAbstractExpressionism.An"abstract"imageisonewherethesubjectisnotrepresentedrealistically.Instead,theartistusescolorandshapestosuggestthemostgeneralqualitiesofthesubject."Expressionism"isakindofartthatexpressesfeelingsandthoughts.AbstractExpressionismisartthatshowsemotionsandideasthroughnon-representationalforms.VOICETWO:InPollock'smostfamousworks,thereisnorecognizablesubject.Hisartworksarelargesurfacesofcanvascompletelycoveredindifferentcolorsofpaint.However;Pollockdidnotstartoutasarevolutionarypainter.Hedevelopedtheartisticprocesshebecamefamousforovermanyyears.VOICEONE:JacksonPollockwasborninCody,Wyominginnineteentwelve.HegrewupinthestatesofArizonaandCalifornia.Pollocklatersaidthatthewide-openlandofthesewesternareasgreatlyinfluencedhisexpansiveartwork.InnineteenthirtyhemovedeasttoNewYorkCitywherehestudiedattheArtStudentsLeague.There,PollockspentafewyearsstudyingwiththeartistThomasHartBentonwhopaintedimagesofeverydayAmericanlife.Pollock'searlyworksaresimilartohisteacher'skindofpainting.However,Pollockslowlyleftthistraditionalarteducationbehind.VOICETWO:Pollock'sworkhadmanyotherinfluences.Forexample,helikedagroupofMexicanpainterswhomademurals.Muralsarelargeimagesthattheartistspaintdirectlyontoawall.SomeofthesepainterswereworkinginNewYorkCityinthenineteenthirties,soPollockwasabletoseethemwork.Pollockborrowedseveralmethodsandideasfromtheseartists.Theyincludedtheuseoflargecanvases,themethodoffreelyapplyingpaintandhonoringoldandnewtraditions.VOICEONE:PollockwasalsoinfluencedbytheSpanishartistMiro.Mirowaspartofamovementofsurrealistpainters.Surrealistartiststhoughtthattrueartcomesfromapartofthemindcalledtheunconscious.Theunconsciouscontrolstheareaofthemindthatproducesdreams.Pollockagreedwiththeseartiststhattheunconsciousmindwasanimportantforceincreatingart.Also,whenhewasinhislatetwenties,Pollocksufferedamentalbreakdown.Itwascausedinpartbydepressionanddependenceonalcohol.Asaresult,hewastreatedbyaJungianpsychoanalyst.Thisisaspecialkindofexpertinemotionalhealthwhoworkstounderstandtheunconsciousmind,dreams,andemotions.Pollockwasinfluencedbythiskindofinvestigationofhumanrelationsandemotions.This"insideworld"wouldbecomethesubjectofhispaintings.VOICETWO:Innineteenforty-four;PollockmarriedLeeKrasnerwhowasalsoaskilledAbstractExpressionistpainter.ThenextyeartheymovedtoEastHampton,asmalltownonLongIslandinthestateofNewYork.ThecouplewantedtogetawayfromthebusylifeofNewYorkCity.Inthiscountryenvironmenttheycouldenjoynatureandhavemoretimetoworkontheirart.NexttotheirhousePollocksetupastudiobuildingwherehecouldcreatehisartwork.InthislargestudioPollockcreatedthepaintingsthatwouldmakehimfamous.VOICEONE:DuringtheseyearsJacksonPollockstartedtopaintinacompletelynewway.Hecreatedartthatwasveryphysical.Infact,hismethodissometimescalled"actionpainting".Mostartistspaintedonasurfacethatstooduprightorvertical.ButPollockputhislargecanvasesonthefloorsothathecouldmovearoundallfoursidesofhiswork.Healsousedveryliquidpaintssothathecouldeasilydropthepaintontohiscanvases.This"dripping"methodallowedhimtomakeenergeticworks.Hispaintingsareexplosionsofcurvinglines,shapesandcolors.Inhisartyoucanseeeverymovementthathisarmmade.Youcanseehowhehadtomovehisbodyaroundthecanvas.VideosofPollockpaintingshowthisprocess,whichlookslikeapainterlydance.VOICETWO:Unlikeotherartists,JacksonPollockdidnotplanthewayhewantedhispaintingstolook.Manyartistsplantheirworksbymakingsmalldrawingsbeforepainting.Pollockdevelopedwhathecalleda"directmethod,"applyingthepaintdirectlyontoanemptycanvas.Hepaintedbyfollowinghisimmediatethoughtsandemotions.Pollockcombinedcarefulmovementwithexactcolorandline.Thoughhispaintingsappearaccidental,theyrequiredcarefulcontrol.HereisarecordingofPollockdescribinghiswayofpainting.ItwastakenfromamovietheBritishBroadcastingCorporationmadeabouttheartistinnineteenninety-nine.(POLLOCK)VOICEONE:AsPollocksaid,hewantedtocreateartthatwasavisualrepresentationofthemotionandenergyofhis"insideworld."Hewasonceaskedwhyhedidnotpaintpicturesofobjectspeoplecouldidentify.Heansweredthatifyouwantedtoseeaflower,youcouldgolookatarealone.Hesaidthatwhatinterestedhimwasnotoutsideobjects.Pollock'sworkswerebothpraisedandcriticized.Hispaintingswereinseveralshowsingalleriesinthemiddlenineteenforties.However,Pollockdidnotproducehisfullyabstract"drip',paintingsuntillater.Innineteen-fiftyzthepublicsawtheseworksatBettyParson'sGalleryinNewYork.SomeartcriticssaidthiswasoneofthebestshowsoftheyearandthatPollockwasoneofthegreatestpaintersinAmerica.Othersdidnotunderstandhiswork.OnecriticsaidthatPollock'sartshowedchaos-completedisorderwithoutanymethod."LavenderMist"byJacksonPollockVOICETWO:Today,Pollock'sworkssellformillionsofdollars.Butonlyonepaintingsoldatthisshow.Itwasafamousworkcalled"LavenderMist".ThispaintingnowhangsintheNationalGalleryofArtinWashington,D.C,"LavenderMist"representsperfectlywhatwassointerestingaboutPollock'swork.Thecanvasismorethantwometerstallandalmostthreemeterslong.Theentiresurfaceiscoveredinsmallriversofwhite,blackzgre½yellow,brownandpinkpaint.Thesecolorsandlinescreateapaintingthatisfullofvisualenergy.VOICEONE:Interestingly,thereisnolavender,orlightpurple,colorpaintinthiswork.OneofPollock'sfriendssuggestedthenamebecausethemanyothercolorsofpaintcreatedanatmosphericeffectthatlookedlikelavendermist.Usually,Pollockwouldsimplynamehispaintingswithanumberandadate.Hedidnotwantthetitlestoexplaintoviewerswhattoseewhentheylookedathiswork.Withpaintingslike"LavenderMist"JacksonPollockhelpedintroducetheworldtoawholenewwayofpaintingandthinkingaboutart.Buthedidnotliveverylong.Hediedinacaraccidentinnineteenfifty-sixattheageofforty-four.(MUSIC)VOICETWO:ThehomeinEastHampton,NewYorkwhereJacksonPollocklivedwithhiswifeLeeKrasnerisnowamuseum.Atthisspecialplaceyoucanseetheroomswheretheseartistslived.Mostimportantly,youcanseethestudiowherePollockandKrasnercreatedtheirwork.OnthefloorofthestudioistheevidenceofyearsandyearsofPollock'sthrownpaint.ThefloorlooksjustlikeoneofPollock'spaintings.Expertssaythismuseumisaculturaltreasure.ItistheplacewhereJacksonPollockhelpedintroducetheworldtoAbstractExpressionism.PollockhelpedbreakthetraditionalrulesofrepresentationandestablishedAmericaasanimportantcenterformodernart.(MUSICVOICEONE:ThisprogramwaswrittenandproducedbyDanaDemange.mFaithLapidus.VOICETWO:AndmBobDoughty.JoinusagainnextweekforPEOPLEINAMERICAinVOASpecialEnglish.(MUSIC)