美国名人 瑟古德·马歇尔.docx

美国名人瑟古德马歇尔ThurgoodMarshallplaystopmutemaxvolume00:00-14:46repeatByPaulThompson2004-5-15(MUSIC)VOICEONE:ThisisGwenOuten.VOICETWO:AndthisisDougJohnsonwithPeopleinAmericainVOASpecialEnglish.EveryweekwetellaboutapersonwhowasimportantinthehistoryoftheUnitedStates.TodaywetellaboutamanwhohelpedchangetheracialseparationlawsofAmerica,ThurgoodMarshall.(MUSIC)VOICEONE:ThurgoodMarshallwasbornafreeman.Butthefatherofhisgrandfatherwasaslave.HehadlivedinwhatwastheCongoareaofAfrica.AmanfromtheeasternAmericancityofBaltimore,Maryland,broughthimtotheUnitedStates.Helatersethimfree.ThurgoodMarshallwasborninBaltimoreonJulySecond,Nineteen-Oh-Eight.InthatdtyzandinmanyotherpartsoftheUnitedStatesatthattime,blackpeoplewereseparatedfromwhitepeoplebylaw.Blackchildrendidnotgotoschoolwithwhitechildren.Blackpeoplelivedonlyinareaswhereotherblackslived.VOICETWO:Overtheyears,ThurgoodMarshallbecameaverygoodstory-teller.Hetoldstoriesabouthimselfzoraboutplaceshehadvisited.Often,thestorieswerefunny.Butmostalsohadaseriousmessage.OnestorywasaboutbeingintroublewithhisteacherswhenhewasaboyinBaltimore.MisterMarshallsaidoneofhisteacherspunishedhimbysendinghimtotheroomwheretheschool'sheatingequipmentwaskept.TherehewastoldtoreadandrememberthewordsoftheConstitutionoftheUnitedStates.TheConstitutionisalongdocument.ThurgoodMarshallsaidhereadallofit.morethanonce.andlearnedtoremembermostofit.Hesaidthisschoolboypunishmentgavehimalife-longrespectfortheConstitution.Ashegrewolder,hebegantothinkabouttheConstitution'sguaranteesoffreedom.Thoseguarantees,hebelieved,shouldbeforpeopleofallraces,notjustforwhitepeople.(MUSIC)VOICEONE:ThurgoodMarshallattendedLincolnUniversityinthestateofPennsylvania.Hecompletedhisstudies,withhonors,innineteen-thirty.HewantedtogotolawschoolattheUniversityofMaryland.Butofficialsatthatschoolrefusedtolethimattend,becausehewasblack.SozhewenttolawschoolatHowardUniversityinWashingtonD.C.HowardUniversitywasaschoolforAfrican-Americans.ThurgoodMarshallgraduatedfirstinhisclass.Aftercompletinghislawstudies,heacceptedthecaseofayoungblackmanwhowantedtobecomealawyer,too.TheyoungmanwantedtoattendtheUniversityofMarylandlawschool.ItwasthesameschoolthathadrefusedtoadmitThurgoodMarshall.Again,theschoolrefusedtoletablackmanbecomeastudent.SozMisterMarshalltooklegalaction.Hewonthecase.Theyoungblackmanwaspermittedtoattendtheuniversity'slawschool.ThurgoodMarshallwouldgoontowinmanymorecasesdealingwithracialseparationlaws.Andyearslater,theUniversityofMarylandwouldnameitslawlibraryinhishonor.VOICETWO:ThurgoodMarshallwasaverygoodlawyer.Thepeopleherepresentedincourtwereblackandpoor.Heneverearnedmuchmoney.Buthisnamesoonbecamewellknown.TheNationalAssociationfortheAdvancementofColoredPeopleofferedhimajob.Hewenttoworkasoneofitslegalrepresentatives.Intime,hebecametheorganization'schieflegalrepresentative.HetraveledacrosstheUnitedStates.Hefoughtagainstracialseparationlaws.Healsodefendedblackpeoplewhowerechargedwithacrime,butwhodidnothavethemoneytopayforlegalhelp.ManyofthosecasesreachedAmerica'shighestcourt,theSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStates.Duringhislifeasalawyer,ThurgoodMarshallarguedcasesbeforetheSupremeCourtmorethanthirtytimes.Helostonlyafewcases.Slowly,thelawsofracialseparationinAmericabegantochange.ManyofthosechangesweretheresultoftheworkofThurgoodMarshall.(MUSIC)VOICEONE:1.egalexpertssaythatThurgoodMarshall'smostimportantcasewastheoneknownas"BrownversusBoardofEducation."ThecaseinvolvedthecityofTopekainthemiddlewesternstateofKansas.Alawtheresaidthathavingseparateschoolsforblackstudentsandwhitestudentswaslegal,iftheschoolswerethesame.Itwastheideaof"separatebutequal".Buttheschoolswerenotequal.Whitechildrenreceivedabettereducationthanblackchildren.ThurgoodMarshallagreedtoarguethecasebeforetheSupremeCourt.Whennewspapersreportedthis,hebegangettingmessages,threateninghimwithdeath.Othercivilrightslawyerssaidhewasmovingtooquickly.TheysaidadefeatintheBrowncasewouldgreatlydamagethecauseofcivilrights.Theytoldhimtowait,tomovemorecarefullyandslowly.VOICETWO:ThurgoodMarshalldidnotlistentothethreatsagainsthislife.Andhedidnotlistentothosewhosaidheshouldmovemoreslowly.TheSupremeCourtheardthecaseinnineteen-fifty-four.MisterMarshallsaiditwasaviolationoftheConstitutiontoseparatepeoplebecauseoftheirrace.So,heargued,theracially-separatedschoolsinTopekazKansas,wereillegal.Headdedthatnothingcouldbeequalinracially-separatedschools.OneSupremeCourtjusticeaskedhimtoexplainwhathemeantbythewordequal.Heanswered:"Equalmeansgettingthesamethingzatthesametimezandinthesameplace.TheSupremeCourtagreed.ItruledthatnoonecouldberejectedfromaschoolinTopekabecauseofrace.VOICEONE:Thecaseof"BrownversusBoardofEducation"providedthebasisforothercourtdecisions.IthelpeddestroytheterriblewalloflegalracialseparationthroughouttheUnitedStates.SomepeoplesayitisthemostimportantSupremeCourtdecisionoftheTwentiethcentury.ThatdecisionwasthebeginningofyearsoflegalbattlesagainstracialseparationinAmerica'sschools.ItalsosentamessagetothepeopleofthenationthatblackAmericanshadthesamerightsaswhiteAmericans.ManyAfrican-AmericanssaidMisterMarshall'svictoryinnineteen-fifty-fourchangedtheirlivesandtheirfutures.Forexample,ShermanParksistheformerpresidentoftheschoolboardofTopekazKansas.Hesaidthatwithoutthevictoryhewouldneverhavehadachancetogetagoodeducationandbecomealawyer.(MUSIC)VOICETWO:Innineteen-sixty-onezPresidentJohnKennedynamedThurgoodMarshalltobeajudgeofafederalappealscourt.Duringhisyearsonthatcourt,JudgeMarshallwrotemorethanone-hundredopinionsondifferentlegalissues.SeveralofhisopinionsfromthosedayshavebeenapprovedaslawbyamajorityoftheSupremeCourt.Innineteen-si×ty-sevenzPresidentLyndonJohnsonnominatedThurgoodMarshalltotheSupremeCourt.PresidentJohnsonsaidthenominationwastherightthingtodo,andtherighttimetodoit.ThurgoodMarshallbecamethefirstblackpersontoserveasaSupremeCourtJustice.Heservedfortwenty-fouryears.JusticeMarshallwroteopinionsaboutlegalrepresentationinAmerica'scriminaljusticesystem.Hesaideveryonehastherighttoberepresentedbyagoodlawyer,nomatterhowguiltytheymaybe.InhislastyearsontheSupremeCourt,heoftenvotedagainstthemajorityofthemoreconservativemembers.JusticeMarshallalwaysvotedindissentincasesinwhichthemajorityvotedthatadeathsentencewaslegal.Hesaidnooneshouldbeputtodeathforanyreason.VOICEONE:Innineteen-ninety-onezThurgoodMarshallannouncedthathewouldretirefromtheSupremeCourt.Somereportssaidhenolongerwantedtofightagainsttheconservativemajorityofthecourt.Atanewsconference,areporteraskedhimwhyhewasretiring.JusticeMarshalllookedatthemanandsaid,simply:"Iamgettingoldandcomingapart."AnotherreporteraskedJusticeMarshallhowhewouldliketoberemembered.Hesatquietlyforamoment.ThenThurgoodMarshallsaid:"IwanttoberememberedfordoingthebestIcouldwithwhatIhad."(MUSIC)VOICETWO:ThisprogramwaswrittenbyPaulThompson.ItwasproducedbyLawanDavis.AndourstudioengineerwasTonyPollock.ThisisDougJohnson.VOICEONE:AndthisisGwenOuten.ListenagainnextweekforPeopleinAmericainVOASpecialEnglish.