美国名人 护士 克拉尔·巴顿.docx

美国名人护士克拉尔巴顿ClaraBarton,FounderoftheAmericanRedCross:ALifeofCaringforOthersplaystopmutemaxvolume00:00-16:20repeatByJeriIynWatson2006-6-24(MUSIC)VOICEONE:mRayFreeman.VOICETWO:AndmShirleyGriffithwiththeSpecialEnglishprogramPeopleinAmerica.EveryweekwetellaboutapersonwhowasimportantinthehistoryoftheUnitedStates.Todaywetellaboutawomanwhospentherlifecaringforothers,ClaraBarton.(MUSIC)VOICEONE:ClaraBartonwasasmallwoman.Yetshemadeabigdifferenceinmanylives.Todayherworkcontinuestobeimportanttothousandsofpeopleintrouble.ClaraBartonwasanunusualwomanforhertime.ShewasbornonChristmasday,Decembertwenty-fifth,eighteentwenty-one.Inthosedays,mostwomenwereexpectedtomarry,havechildrenandstayhometotakecareofthem.Barton,however,becamedeeplyinvolvedintheworld.Bythetimeofherdeathinnineteentwelve,shehadbegunarevolutionthatledtotherightofwomentodoresponsibleworkforsociety.Asanurse,shecaredforthousandsofwoundedsoldiers.ShebegantheAmericanRedCross.And,shesuccessfullyurgedtheAmericangovernmenttoaccepttheGenevaConvention.Thattreatyestablishedstandardsforconditionsforsoldiersinjuredorcapturedduringwartime.VOICETWO:ClaraBartonreallybeganherlifeofcaringforthesickwhenshewasonlyelevenyearsold.ShelivedwithherfamilyonafarminthenortheasternstateofMassachusetts.Oneofherbrothers,David,wasseriouslyinjuredwhilehelpingbuildabarn.Fortwoyears,ClaraBartontookcareofDaviduntilhewashealed.Mosteleven-year-oldgirlswouldhavefoundthejobimpossible.ButClarafeltagreatneedtohelp.Andshewasverygoodatit.Shealsoseemedtofeelmostsafewhenshewasathomewithhermotherandfather,orridingahorseonherfamily'sland.Asayoungchild,Clarahadgreatdifficultystudyingandmakingfriendsatschool.Herfourbrothersandsistersweremucholderthanshe.Severalofthemwereteachers.FormostofClara'searlyyears,shewastaughtathome.Shefinishedschoolatagefifteen.ThenshewenttoworkinherbrotherDavid'sclothingfactory.Thefactorysoonburned,leavingherwithoutajob.VOICEONE:ClaraBartondecidedtoteachschool.Ineighteenthirty-six,shepassedtheteacher'stestandbeganteachingnearherhomeinNorthOxford,Massachusetts.Shebecameanextremelypopularandrespectedteacher.Aftersixteenyearsofteaching,sherealizedshedidnotknowallshewantedtoknow.Shewantedmoreeducation.Veryfewuniversitiesacceptedwomeninthosedays.SoClarawenttoaspecialschoolforgirlsinMassachusetts.Whileinthatschool,shebecameinterestedinpubliceducation.VOICETWO:Aftershegraduated,afriendsuggestedshetrytoestablishthefirstpublicschoolinthestateofNewJersey.Officialsthereseemedtothinkthateducationwasonlyforchildrenwhoseparentshadenoughmoneytopayforprivateschools.TheofficialsdidnotwantBartontostartaschoolforpoorpeople.Butsheofferedtoteachwithoutpayforthreemonths.Shetoldtheofficialsthattheycoulddecideafterthatifshehadbeensuccessful.Theygaveheranoldbuildingwithpoorequipment.Andtheygavehersixveryactivelittleboystoteach.Attheendoffiveweeks,theschoolwastoosmallforthenumberofchildrenwhowantedtoattend.Bytheendoftheyear,thetownbuiltherabigger;betterschool.Theyhadtogivehermorespace.Shethenhadsixhundredstudentsintheschool.(MUSIC)VOICEONE:Withinayear,ClaraBartonhadlosthervoice.Shehadtogiveupteaching.ShemovedtoWashington,D.C.,tobeginanewjobwritingdocumentsfortheUnitedStatesgovernment.ClaraBartonstartedherlifeasanurseduringtheearlydaysoftheCivilWarineighteensixty-one.Oneday,shewenttothetraincenterinWashingtontomeetagroupofsoldiersfromMassachusetts.Manyofthemhadbeenherfriends.Shebegantakingcareoftheirwounds.Notlongafter,sheleftherofficejob.Shebecameafull-timenurseforthewoundedontheirwayfromthefieldsofbattletothehospital.Soon,Bartonrecognizedthatmanymorelivescouldbesavedifthemenhadmedicalhelpimmediatelyaftertheywerehurt.Armyruleswouldnotpermitanyoneexceptmalesoldierstobeonthebattlefield.ButBartontookherplansforhelpingthewoundedtoahigharmyofficial.Heapprovedherplans.VOICETWO:BartonandafewotherwomenworkedinthebattleareasaroundWashington.SheheardaboutthesecondfiercebattleatBullRuninthenearbystateofVirginia.Shegotintoarailroadcarandtraveledthere.BullRunmusthavebeenafearfulsight.Northernforceswerelosingamajorbattlethere.EverywhereBartonlookedlaywoundedanddyingmen.Dayandnightsheworkedtohelpthesuffering.Whenthelastsoldierhadbeenplacedonatrain,Bartonfinallyleft.Shewasjustintimetoescapethesouthernarmy.Sheescapedbyridingahorse,askillshegainedasayounggirl.(MUSIC)VOICEONE:Forfouryears,ClaraBartonwasatthefrontlinesofthebloodiestbattlesinthewarbetweentheNorthandtheSouth.ShewasthereatAntietam,Fredericksburg,andCharleston.ShewasthereatSpottsylvania,Petersburg,andRichmond.Shecleanedthewoundsofbadlyinjuredsoldiers.Sheeasedthepainofthedying.Andshefedthosewhosurvived.WhenshereturnedtoWashington,ClaraBartonfoundshewasahero.Shehadprovedthatwomencouldworkinterribleconditions.Shemadepeopleunderstandthatwomencouldprovidegoodmedicalcare.Shealsoshowedthatnursingwasanhonorableprofession.Afterthewarended,Barton'sdoctorsenthertoEuropetorest.Insteadofresting,shemetwithrepresentativesoftheInternationalRedCross.Theorganizationhadbeenestablishedineighteensixty-threetoofferbettertreatmentforpeoplewoundedorcapturedduringwars.ShewastoldthattheUnitedStateswastheonlymajornationthatrefusedtojoin.VOICETWO:BartonbeganplanningacampaigntocreateanAmericanRedCross.Beforeshecouldgohome,though,thewarbetweenFranceandPrussiabeganineighteenseventy.Again,ClaraBartonwenttothefieldsofbattletonursethewounded.Afterawhilehereyesbecameinfected.Thewomanofactionwasorderedtoremainquietformonthsinadarkroom,orbecomeblind.WhenshereturnedtotheUnitedStatessheagainsufferedaserioussickness.SheusedthetimeinahospitaltowritelettersinsupportofanAmericanRedCrossorganization.(MUSIC)VOICEONE:Ineighteeneighty-one,Barton'scampaignprovedsuccessful.TheUnitedStatesCongresssignedtheWorld'sTreatyoftheInternationalRedCross.ThisestablishedtheAmericanChapteroftheRedCross.ClaraBartonhadreachedoneofhermajorgoalsinlife.ThenextyearshesuccessfullyurgedCongresstoaccepttheGenevaConvention.Thistreatysettheinternationalrulesfortreatmentofsoldierswoundedorcapturedinwar.Fortwenty-fiveyears,ClaraBartoncontinuedasthepresidentoftheAmericanRedCross.Underherguidance,theorganizationhelpedpeopleinallkindsoftrouble.ShedirectedtheaideffortsforvictimsoffloodsinJohnstown,PennsylvaniaandGalveston,Texas.SheledRedCrossworkersinFloridaduringaoutbreakofthediseaseYellowFever.AndshehelpedduringperiodswhenpeoplewerestarvinginRussiaandArmenia.VOICETWO:ClaraBartonretiredwhenshewasinhermiddleeighties.Forherlasthome,shechoseahugeoldbuildingnearWashington,D.C.ThebuildinghadbeenusedforkeepingRedCrossequipmentandthenasheroffice.ItwasmadewithmaterialsavedfromaidcentersbuiltafterthefloodinJohnstown.InthathouseonthePotomacRiver,ClaraBartonlivedherremainingdays.ShediedafteralifeofservicetoothersinApril,nineteentwelve,atageninety.Sheoftensaid:"Youmustneversomuchasthinkifyoulikeitornot,ifitisbearableornot.Youmustneverthinkofanythingexcepttheneed-andhowtomeetit."(MUSIC)VOICEONE:ThisSpecialEnglishprogramwaswrittenbyJeriWatson.mRayFreeman.VOICETWO:AndmShirleyGriffith.JoinusagainnextweekforanotherPeopleinAmericaprogramontheVoiceofAmerica.