美国名人 女企业家媒体人 凯瑟琳·格雷厄姆.docx

美国名人女企业家，媒体人凯瑟琳格雷厄姆WashingtonPostOwnerandPublisherKatharineGraham:APowerfulMediaLeaderinAmericaplaystopmutemaxvolume00:00-15:38repeatByShelleyGollust2006-8-19VOICEONE:mShirleyGriffith.VOICETWO:AndmDougJohnsonwiththeVOASpecialEnglishprogram,PEOPLEINAMERICA.TodaywetellaboutKatharineGraham.ShewastheownerandpublisheroftheWashingtonPostnewspaper.(MUSIC)VOICEONE:KatharineMeyerGrahamwasoncedescribedas"themostpowerfulwomaninAmerica."Shewasnotagovernmentofficialorelectedrepresentative.SheownedandpublishedtheWashingtonPostnewspaper.Underherleadership,itbecameoneofthemostimportantnewspapersinthecountry.KatharineMeyerwasborninNewYorkCityinnineteenseventeen.ShewasthedaughterofEugeneandAgnesMeyer.Herfatherwasasuccessfulinvestmentbanker.Hebecameanimportantfinancialofficial.Herfamilywasveryrich.KatharinegrewupinlargehousesinNewYorkandWashington.Herparentswereoftenawayfromhome,travelingandworking.Katharinewasoftenlonely.KatherineMeyergraduatedfromtheUniversityofChicagoinIllinoisinnineteenthirty-eight.ShegotajobasareporterforanewspaperinSanFrancisco,California.VOICETWO:Innineteenthirty-three,EugeneMeyerhadboughtafailingnewspaper,TheWashingtonPost.ItwastheleastsuccessfuloffivenewspapersinWashington.KatharinereturnedtoWashingtonandgotajobeditingletterstotheeditorofherfather'snewspaper.ShemarriedPhilipGraham.HewasalawyerandformerassistanttotwoSupremeCourtjustices.MisterGrahamsoonacceptedajobathiswife'sfather'snewspaper.Innineteenforty-six,EugeneMeyerleftthenewspapertobecomethefirstpresidentoftheWorldBank.PhilipGrahambecamepublisherofTheWashingtonPost.VOICEONE:MisterGrahamimprovedTheWashingtonPost.HeboughtNewsweekmagazineandseveraltelevisionstations.Healsoestablishedclosetieswithimportantpoliticalleaders.However,MisterGrahamtreatedhiswifebadly.Hemadeherfeelunimportant.Hehadasexualrelationshipwithayoungreporter.Formanyyears,MisterGrahamsufferedfrommentalillness.Hekilledhimselfinnineteensixty-three.VOICETWO:KatharineGrahamhadfourchildrentoraiseandanewspapertooperate.Atfirst,shewasconcernedonlywithfindingawaytokeepcontrolofTheWashingtonPostuntilhersonswereoldenoughtosuperviseit.Shewasaninsecureperson.Shedidnotthinkshehadtheabilitytodoanimportantjob.Shehadnotraininginbusinessorexperienceinoperatingalargecompany.Inthosedays,itwasunusualforawomantobetheheadofabusiness.Womenwereexpectedtosuperviseonlytheirhomesandchildren.VOICEONE:KatharineGrahammetwithofficialsofThePost.Shetoldthemthepaperwouldnotbesold.Shesaiditwouldremaininherfamily.ShewaselectedpresidentofTheWashingtonPostCompany.Shehadnoideaabouthowtooperateanewspaper.Soshedecidedtolearn.ShebeganbyhiringBenjaminBradlee.Helaterbecamechiefeditor.MisterBradleeimprovedthenewspaper.Hehiredexcellentreportersandeditors.Theybegandoingimportantinvestigativereporting.Innineteensixty-nine,MissusGrahambecamepublisheraswellaspresidentofTheWashingtonPostCompany.(MUSIC)VOICETWO:Inthenineteenseventies,TheWashingtonPostbecamefamousaroundtheworldbecauseoftwomajorsuccesses.Innineteenseventy-one,TheNewYorkTimesnewspaperstartedpublishingsecretgovernmentdocumentsaboutAmericaninvolvementintheVietnamWar.TheywereknownasthePentagonPapers.TheadministrationofPresidentRichardNixonappealedtothecourtstostopthepublicationofthedocuments.Itsaidpublicationwouldendangernationalsecurity.AtemporaryrestrainingorderfromafederaljudgestoppedTheNewYorkTimesfrompublishingthedocuments.VOICEONE:WashingtonPostreportersalsogotacopyofthePentagonPapers.Theyalsowantedtopublishthedocuments.MissusGrahamhadtodecideifthepaperwouldpublishthestoriesandriskpossiblepunishmentbythegovernment.Thenewspaper'slawyersadvisedhernottopublishthem.YetshedecidedtopublishthePentagonPapersinTheWashingtonPost.TheSupremeCourtfinallydecidedtheissue.Theyruledagainstthejudge'sorderrestrainingpublicationofthePentagonPapers.Thatrulingwasconsideredamajorsuccessforfreedomofthepress.(MUSIC)VOICETWO:Thenextyear,innineteenseventy-two,TheWashingtonPosthadanothermajorsuccessreportingonadifferentstory.FivemenhadbeenarrestedafterbreakingintotheheadquartersoftheDemocraticNationalCommitteeintheWatergateofficebuilding.ReportersatThePostbegananintenseinvestigationofthebreak-in.ThePostpublishedaseriesofstoriesbytwoyoungreporters,CarlBernsteinandBobWoodward.Aftermuchinvestigation,thereporterslinkedtheWatergatebreak-intoPresidentNixonandhistopadvisers.TheirstoriesprovedthattheNixonadministrationdirectedaplot.ItsgoalsweretoillegallygatherintelligenceontheDemocraticPartyanddishonoropponentsofthepresident.VOICEONE:MissusGrahamsupportedherreportersandeditorsthroughthelongWatergateinvestigation.ThePostpublishedthestorieseventhoughgovernmentofficialsthreatenedMissusGrahamandhercompany.ThenewspaperwasawardedthePulitzerPrizeforpublicserviceinnineteenseventy-threeforitsWatergatereporting.Thenextyear,PresidentNixonresignedfromoffice.(MUSIC)VOICETWO:KatharineGrahamwasrecognizedaroundtheworldasanimportantleaderinnewspaperpublishing.ShewasthefirstwomantoheadamajorAmericancompany.ShesuccessfullyexpandedTheWashingtonPostCompanytoincludenewspaper,magazine,broadcastandcablecompanies.KatharineGrahamplayedanimportantroleinsupportingwomenintheworkforce.MorewomenwereemployedatThePostandatNewsweekmagazine.MissusGrahamalsowasactiveingroupsseekingtoimprovepubliceducationinWashington.Shetraveledaroundthecountrytomakemanypublicspeechesaboutnewsmediaissues.Shealsotraveledaroundtheworldtomeetwithforeignleaders.VOICEONE:KatharineGrahamwaswellknownforhavingdinnerpartiesatherhomeinWashington.Sheinvitedthemostimportantpeopleinthecity.AninvitationtooneofherpartieswasalmostasvaluableasaninvitationtodinnerattheWhiteHouse.MissusGrahamwasaclosefriendofAmericanandworldleaders.Herfriendsincludedleadersingovernment,media,businessandentertainment.Theyincludedpresidents,primeministersandprincesses.Innineteenninety-one,DonaldGrahamreplacedhismotheraspublisherandthechiefofficialofTheWashingtonPostCompany.Atthattime,thecompanywasvaluedatalmosttwothousandmilliondollars.(MUSIC)VOICETWO:Whenshewaseightyyearsold,KatharineGrahamwroteabookaboutherlife.Itwascalled"PersonalHistory."Shewroteaboutthestrugglesandtragediesofherlifeaswellasthesuccesses.Shewroteabouthowshebattledherowninsecuritiestomovefromatraditionaljobashomemakertoapositionofpower.Criticspraisedthebookforitshonesty.ThebookwonaPulitzerPrizeforbiographyinnineteenninety-eight.Itwasextremelypopular.VOICEONE:KatharineGrahamdiedofheadinjuriesthreeyearslaterafterafall.Shewaseighty-four.Morethanthreethousandpeopleattendedherfuneral.Theyincludedmanygovernmentandbusinessleaders.FriendsofKatharineGrahamsaidshewouldberememberedasawomanwhohadanimportantinfluenceoneventsintheUnitedStatesandtheworld.TheysaidsheusedherintelligenceandbraverytoimprovetheAmericanmedia.Andtheysaideveryonewhocaresaboutafreepresswouldgreatlymissher.KatharineGrahamoncewrote:"Aworldwithoutnewspaperswouldnotbethesamekindofworld."Afterherdeath,theemployeesofTheWashingtonPostwrote:"AworldwithoutKatharineGrahamwillnotbethesameatall."(MUSIC)VOICETWO:ThisSpecialEnglishprogramwaswrittenbyShelleyGollust.ItwasproducedbyCatyWeaver.mDougJohnson.VOICEONE:AndmShirleyGriffith.JoinusagainnextweekforanotherPEOPLEINAMERICAprogramontheVoiceofAmerica.