2024剑桥雅思讲义Table_completion 1.docx

TablecompletionPaSSaRe3SpanishExplorationandConquestA-TheSpanishestablishedthefirstEuropeansettlementsintheAmericas,beginningintheCaribbeanand,by1600,extendingthroughoutCentralandSouthAmerica.ThousandsofpeopleflockedfromSpaintotheAmericasseekingwealthandstatus.ThemostfamousoftheseadventurersareChristopherColumbus(who,thoughItalianhimsetexploredonbehalfoftheSpanishmonarchs),HernanCortes,andFranciscoPizarro.B-ThehistoryofSpanishexplorationbeginswiththehistoryofSpainitself.Duringthefifteenthcentury,Spainhopedtogainadvantageoveritsrival,Portugal.ThemarriageofFerdinandofAragonandIsabellaofCastilein1469unifiedCatholicSpainandbegantheprocessofbuildinganationthatcouldcompeteforworldwidepower.In1492ztheycompletedtheReconquista:theCenturies-IongChristianconquestoftheIberianPeninsula.TheReconquistamarkedanotherstepforwardintheprocessofmakingSpainanimperialpower;andFerdinandandIsabellawerenowreadytolookfurtherafield.C-TheirgoalsweretoexpandCatholicismandtogainacommercialadvantageoverPortugal.Tothoseends,FerdinandandIsabellasponsoredextensiveAtlanticexploration.Spain'smostfamousexplorer,ChristopherColumbus,wasactuallyfromGenoa,Italy.Hebelievedthat,usingcalculationsbasedonothermariners'journeys,hecouldchartawestwardroutetoIndia,whichcouldbeusedtoexpandEuropeantradeandspreadChristianity.Startingin1485zheapproachedGenoese,Venetian,Portuguese,English,andSpanishmonarchs,askingforshipsandfundingtoexplorethiswestwardroute.AllthosehepetitionedincludingFerdinandandIsabellaatfirst-rebuffedhim;theirnauticalexpertsallconcurredthatColumbus/sestimatesofthewidthoftheAtlanticOceanwerefartoolow.However;afterthreeyearsofentreaties,and,moreimportantly,thecompletionoftheReconquista,FerdinandandIsabellaagreedtofinanceColumbus'sexpeditionin1492zsupplyinghimwiththreeships:theNina,thePinta,andtheSantaMaria.TheSpanishmonarchsknewthatPortuguesemarinershadreachedthesoutherntipofAfricaandsailedtheIndianOcean.TheyunderstoodthatthePortuguesewouldsoonreachAsiaand,inthiscompetitiveracetoreachtheFarEast,theSpanishrulersdecidedtoact.D-Columbushelderroneousviewsthatshapedhisthinkingaboutwhathewouldencounterashesailedwest.Hebelievedtheearthtobemuchsmallerthanitsactualsizeand,sincehedidnotknowoftheexistenceoftheAmericas,hefullyexpectedtolandinAsia.OnOctober12,1492zhowever,hemadelandfallonanislandintheBahamas.HethensailedtoanislandhenamedHispaniola(present-dayDominicanRepublicandHaiti).BelievinghehadlandedintheEastIndies,ColumbuscalledthenativeTainoshefoundthere“Indios,“givingrisetotheterm“Indian”foranynativepeopleoftheNewWorld.UponColumbus/sreturntoSpain,theSpanishcrownbestowedonhimthetitleofAdmiraloftheOceanSeaandnamedhimgovernorandviceroyofthelandshehaddiscovered.E-Columbus,s1493letterorprobanzademerito(proofofmerit)describinghis“discovery"ofaNewWorlddidmuchtoinspireexcitementinEurope.ProbanzasdemeritoswerereportsandlettersQD国IELTSADVANTAGETable completionwrittenbySpaniardsintheNewWorldtotheSpanishcrown,designedtowinroyalpatronage.Todaytheyhighlightthedifficulttaskofhistoricalwork;whilethelettersareprimarysources,historiansneedtounderstandthecontextandthecultureinwhichtheconquistadors,astheSpanishadventurerscametobecalled,wrotethemanddistinguishtheirbiasandsubjectivenature.Whiletheyarefilledwithdistortionsandfabrications,probanzasdemeritosarestillusefulinillustratingtheexpectationofwealthamongtheexplorersaswellastheirviewthatnativepeopleswouldnotposeaseriousobstacletocolonization.F-In1493,ColumbussenttwocopiesofaprobanzademeritototheSpanishkingandqueenandtheirministeroffinance,LuisdeSantangel.SantangelhadsupportedColumbus,svoyage,helpinghimtoobtainfundingfromFerdinandandIsabella.CopiesoftheletterweresooncirculatingalloverEurope,spreadingnewsofthewondrousnewlandthatColumbushad“discovered."Columbuswouldmakethreemorevoyagesoverthenextdecade,establishingSpain/sfirstsettlementintheNewWorldontheislandofHispaniola.ManyotherEuropeansfollowedinColumbus/sfootsteps,drawnbydreamsofwinningwealthbysailingwest.AnotherItalian,AmerigoVespuccizsailingforthePortuguesecrown,exploredtheSouthAmericancoastlinebetween1499and1502.UnlikeColumbus,herealizedthattheAmericaswerenotpartofAsiabutlandsunknowntoEuropeans.Vespucci/swidelypublishedaccountsofhisvoyagesfueledspeculationandintenseinterestintheNewWorldamongEuropeans.AmongthosewhoreadVespucci'sreportswastheGermanmapmakerMartinWaldseemuller.Usingtheexplorer'sfirstnameasalabelforthenewlandmass,Waldseemullerattached"America“tohismapoftheNewWorldin1507zandthenamestuck.Source:https:C)PenStaX.orabooksus-historvDacIeS/2-1-PortUqUeSe-exploration-and-spcmish-conquestTablecompletionQuestions28-31Completethetablebelow.ChooseNOMORETHANTWOWORDSAND/ORANUMBERfromreadingpassage3foreachanswer.DateEventPeopleinvolved28theunificationofCatholicSpainthemarriageofFerdinandandIsabellaOctober12,1492arrivalin29ChristopherColumbus1493Columbussendstwocopiesofareportsenttotheking,30.andLuisdeSantangelfrom1499to1502theexplorationoftheSouthAmericancoastAmerigoVespucci1507thenamingof31MartinWaldseemuller