2024剑桥雅思讲义Short_Answer_Questions_Strategy_Practice.docx

IELTSADVANTAGEShortAnswerQuestionsStrategyPracticeAustralia'swindenergyresourcesWindisavastpotentialsourceofrenewableenergy.Windsaregeneratedbycomplexmechanismsinvolvingtherotationoftheearth,theheatcapacityofthesun,thecoolingeffectoftheoceansandpolaricecaps,temperaturegradientsbetweenlandandsea,andthephysicaleffectsofmountainsandotherobstacles.Windenergyisgeneratedbyconvertingwindcurrentsintootherformsofenergyusingawindturbine.Turbinesextractenergyfromthepassingairbyconvertingkineticenergyfromrotationalmovementviaarotor.Theeffectivenessofthisconversionatanygivensiteiscommonlymeasuredbyitsenergydensityor,alternatively,asacapacityfactor.Windenergyisprimarilyusedforelectricitygeneration,bothonsiteandfortransporttothegrid.Windenergyisalsousedtopumpborewater,particularlyinruralareas.Thewindenergyindustryisthefastestgrowingrenewableenergysourceinmanycountriesandisexpectedtocontinuetogrowrapidlyovertheperiodto2030.ProductionofwindenergyislargelyconcentratedinEuropeandtheUnitedStates.However,therehasalsobeenrapidgrowthinthewindenergyindustriesinChinaandIndia.Theworld'swindenergyresourceisestimatedtobeaboutonemillionGWfortotallandcoverage.Assumingonly1percentoftheareaisutilisedandallowanceismadeforthelowerloadfactorsofwindplants,thewindenergypotentialwouldcorrespondtoaroundtheworldtotalelectricitygenerationcapacity.Thewindiestareasaretypicallycoastalregionsofcontinentsatmid-tohighlatitudesandinmountainousregions.Locationswiththehighestwindenergypotentialincludethewesterlywindbeltsbetweenlatitudes35oand50o.ThisincludesthecoastalregionsofwesternandsouthernAustralia,NewZealand,southernSouthAmerica,andSouthAfricainthesouthernhemisphere,andnorthernandwesternEurope,andthenortheasternandwesterncoastsoftheUnitedStates.Theseregionsaregenerallycharacterisedbyhigh,relativelyconstantwindconditions,withaveragewindspeedsinexcessof6metrespersecond(ms)and,inplaces,morethan9ms.Regionswithhighwindenergypotentialarecharacterisedby: highaveragewindspeeds; windsthatareeitherconstantorcoincidingwithpeakenergyconsumptionperiods(duringthedayorevening); proximitytoamajorenergyconsumptionregion;IELTSADVANTAGEShortAnswerQuestionsStrategyPractice smoothlandscape,whichincreaseswindspeeds,andreducesthemechanicalstressonwindturbinecomponentsthatresultsfromvariableandturbulentwindconditionsassociatedwithroughlandscape.Becauseofwindvariability,theenergydensityatapotentialsite-commonlydescribedasitscapacityfactor-isgenerallyintherangeof20-40percent.Whilethemajorityofareasinlocationsconvenientforelectricitytransfertothegridarelocatedonshore,offshoresiteshavealsobeenidentifiedashavingsignificantpotentialforwindenergy,bothtotakeadvantageofincreasedwindspeedsandtoincreasethenumberofavailablesites.Offshorelocationsalsohelpreduceturbulenceand,hence,stressonmachinecomponents.TherehavebeenwindturbinesdeployedinshallowseasoffnorthernEuropeformorethanadecade.Offshoresitesareexpectedtomakeanincreasinglysignificantcontributiontoelectricitygenerationinsomecountries,notablyinEuropebecauseinEuropethereareincreasingdifficultiesingainingaccesstoonshoresites.Australiahassomeofthebestwindresourcesintheworld.Australia'swindenergyresourcesarelocatedmainlyinthesouthernpartsofthecontinent(whichlieinthepathofthewesterlywindflowknownasthe'roaring40s')andreachamaximumaroundBassStrait.Thelargestwindresourceisgeneratedbythepassageoflowpressureandassociatedfrontalsystems,whosenortherlyextentandinfluencedependsonthesizeofthefrontalsystem.WindsinnorthernAustraliaarepredominantlygeneratedbythemonsoonandtradewindsystems.Large-scaletopographysuchastheGreatDividingRangeineasternAustraliaexertsignificantsteeringeffectsonthewinds,channellingthemthroughmajorvalleysordeflectingorblockingthemfromotherareas.DeflectionofweakerfrontsfromfrontalrefractionaroundtherangesoftheDivideinsoutheasternAustraliacreateswindswithasoutherlycomponent('southerlybusters,)alongtheeastcoast.InadditiontotherefractionsbytopographyandheatlowsovernorthernAustralia,othermajorfactorsinfluencingwindresourcesareseasonalanddiurnalvariationinwindspeed.WindsarestrongestinwinterandspringinwesternandsouthernAustraliabutthemonthlybehaviourdiffersfromregiontoregion.Variationsinaveragemonthlywindspeedofupto15-20percentoverthelongtermannualaveragearenotuncommon.Theremaybesimilardailyvariationsatindividuallocations,withincreasedwindspeedsintheafternoon.Meso-scalemapsshowthatAustralia'sgreatestwindpotentialliesinthecoastalregionsofwestern,south-western,southernandsouth-easternAustralia.Coastalregionswithhighwindresources(windspeedsabove7.5ms)includethewestcoastsouthofSharkBaytoCapeLeeuwin,alongtheGreatAustralianBightandtheEyrePeninsulainSouthAustralia,towesternVictoriaandthewestcoastofTasmania.GoodwindresourcesextendhundredsofkilometresinlandandmanyofAustralia'swindfarms(currentandplanned)arelocatedsomedistancefromthecoast.InlandIELTSADVANTAGEShortAnswerQuestionsStrategyPracticeregionsofWesternAustralia,SouthAustraliaandwesternVictoriaallhavegoodwindresources.AreaswithhighwindpotentialalsoliealongthehigherexposedpartsoftheGreatDividingRangeinsouth-easternAustralia,suchastheSouthernHighlandsandNewEnglandareas.Source:http:Www.qa.qov.auscientific-topicsenerqvresourcesOther-renewable-enerqvresoUrCeS/wind-enerqvQuestions1-10ChooseNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSfromthepassagetoanswerthequestionsbelow.1. Whatinstrumentisusedtotransformwindintheatmosphereintoenergyofdifferentkinds?2. Aswellasbeingusedtoproduceelectricity,whatotherresourcecanwindpowerbeusedtoobtain?3. ApartfromEuropeandtheUSA,whereelsehasthewindenergybusinessseensignificantexpansion?4. Aswellascoastalareas,whatotherkindoflandscapeissaidtonormallybethewindiestintheworld?5. Thenortheasternandwesterncoastsofwhichcountryaresaidtobeitswindiestcoasts?6. Inordertobeclassifiedashavingahighpotentialforwindenergygeneration,asitemustbeclosetoaregionwithwhat?7. Whenwindpassesoverlandthatisnotsmooth,whatnegativeimpactdoesithaveonthecomponentsusedinwindturbines?8. WhatkindofsiteforwindenergygenerationislikelytobecomemuchmoreimportantinthefutureinEuropebecauseaccesstositesonlandisbecomingmoredifficult?9. Inwhatregionisthemonsoonsaidtobeasignificantfactorintheformationofwinds?10. Duringwhatpartofthedayarewindssaidtobenormallystrongest?IELTSADVANTAGEShortAnswerQuestionsStrategyPracticeAnswerKey:Answerguidancevideo:https:WWWJoO1. (a)(wind)turbine2. (bore)waterExtrainfo-para2Extrainfo-para2Extra info- para 3Extra info- para 5Extra info- para 5Extra info- para 6Extra info- para 6Extra info- para 7Extra info- para 8Extra info- para 9(NOTE:theanswertothisquestioncannotbepumpborewater,becausepumpisaverbinthiscontext,andwhattsrequiredisaresource,whichhastobeanoun,notaverb.)3. India(and)China4. mountainous(regions)5. (the)UnitedStates6. majorenergyconsumption7. mechanicalstress8. offshore(sites)9. northernAustralia10. (in)(the)afternoon