2024剑桥雅思讲义Reading_Test_2.docx

PaSSaHe1WilliamMorrisandtheArts&CraftsMovementConditionsandProductsoftheIndustrialAgeTheArts&Craftsmovementemergedinthesecondhalfofthe19thcenturyinEnglandinreactiontothesocial,moral,andaestheticchaoscreatedbytheIndustrialRevolution.WilliamMorriswasitsfounderandleader.Heabhorredthecheapandcheerfulproductsofmanufacturing,theterribleworkingandlivingconditionsofthepoor;andthelackofguidingmoralprinciplesofthetimes.Morriscalledforafitnessofpurpose,truthtothenatureofthematerialsandmethodsofproduction,andindividualexpressionbybothartistandworker;Thesephilosophicalpointsarestillpivotaltotheexpressionofdesignstyleandpracticetothisday.DesignstylesfromtheArts&Craftsmovementonhaveemphasized,invaryingdegrees,eitherfitnessofpurposeandmaterialintegrit½orindividualexpressionandtheneedforvisualsubjectivity.MorrisbasedhisphilosophyonthewritingsofJohnRuskinzacriticoftheIndustrialAge,andamanwhofeltthatsocietyshouldworktowardpromotingthehappinessandwell-beingofeveryoneofitsmembers,bycreatingaunionofartandlabourintheserviceofsociety.RuskinadmiredthemedievalGothicstyleforthesequalities,aswellastheItalianaestheticofmedievalartbecauseofitsdirectanduncomplicateddepictionofnature.Manyartists,architects,anddesignerswereattractedtoRuskin,sphilosophyandbegantointegratecomponentsofthemintotheirwork.Morris,influencedbyhisupbringinginanagrariancountryside,wasprofoundlymovedbyRuskin,sstanceonfusingworkandcreativity,andbecamedeterminedtofindawaytomakeitarealityforsociety.Thispathbecamehislife,swork.Pre-RaphealiteBrotherhoodMorrismetEdwardBurne-JonesatExeterCollegewhenbothwerestudyingthere.Theybothreadextensivelythemedievalhistory,chronicles,andpoetryavailabletothemandwroteeveryday.Morrispublishedhisfirstvolumeofpoetrywhenhewas24,andcontinuedtowriteandpublishfortherestofhislife.Aftergraduation,MorrisandBurne-Jonestriedafewoccupations,andeventuallydecidedtobecomeartists.BothbecamefollowersofDanteGabrielRossetti,whofoundedthePre-RaphealitebrotherhoodthatwasbasedonmanyofRuskin,sprinciples.Morrisdidnotlastlongasapainter;eventuallyfindinghisdesignvocationwhilecreatingahomeforhimselfandhisnewwife(Rossetti'smuseandmodel).DiscoveringthelackofdesignintegrityinVictorianhomefurnishingsandvariousadditionaldeficienciesinotheraspectsofhomeproducts,hechosetonotonlydesignhishome,butallitsfurniture,tapestries,andstainedglass.Morris&Co.InI860,Morrisestablishedaninteriordesignfirmwithfriendsbasedontheknowledgeandexperienceshehadincraftingandbuildinghishome.Hebegantransformingnotonlythelookofhomeinteriorsbutalsothedesignstudio.HebroughttogethercraftsmenofallkindsundertheumbrellaofhisstudioandbegantoimplementRuskin,sphilosophyofcombiningartandcraft.InMorris'scase,thiswasfocusedonmakingbeautifulobjectsforthehome.ThecraftsmenwereQ囱BIIELTSADVANTAGEencouragedtostudyprinciplesofartanddesign,notjustproduction,sotheycouldreintegratedesignprinciplesintotheproductionoftheirproducts.Theobjectstheycreatedweremadeanddesignedwithanintegrityacraftsmancouldfeelproudofandfindjoyincreating,whiletheeventualownerwouldconsidertheseproductsonparwithworksofart(anexistingexampleistheMorrischair).ThelookoftheworkcomingoutoftheMorrisstudiowasbasedspecificallyonanEnglishmedievalaestheticthattheBritishpubliccouldconnectto.TheEnglishlookanditsintegrityofproductionmadeMorris'sworkverysuccessfulandsoughtafter.Hisorganizationalinnovationsandprincipledapproachgainedattentionwithcraftsmenandartisans,andbecameamodelforanumberofcraftguildsandartsocieties,whicheventuallychangedtheBritishdesignlandscape.WilliamMorrisandtheKelmscottPressMorris'sinterestinwritingneverwanedandmadehimacutelyawareofhowthebookpublishingindustryhadbeennegativelyaffectedbyindustrialization.OneofhismanypursuitsincludedtherevitalizationofthebookformanditsdesigncomponentsthroughtheestablishmentoftheKelmscottPress.Thepresswascreatedin1888afterMorris,inspiredbyalectureaboutmedievalmanuscriptsandincunabulapublications,beganthedesignofhisfirstfont,GoldenzwhichwasbasedontheVenetianromanfacecreatedoriginallybyNicolasJenson.Inhisreinterpretationofthisearlierfont,Morrisstrovetooptimizereadabilitywhileretainingaestheticintegrityintheprocessrevivinginterestinfontdesignofearlierperiods.Morrisusedthisfontinhisfirstbook,TheStoryOfGIitteringPlain,whichheillustrated,printed,andboundathispress.ThedesignapproachofthispublicationandallothersKelmscottproducedinitseightyearswasbasedonrecreatingtheintegratedapproachandbeautyoftheincunabulabooksandmanuscriptsofthemedievalperiod.Allaspectsofthepublicationwereconsideredandcarefullydeterminedtocreateacohesivewhole.Thepressitselfusedhand-operatedmachinery,thepaperwashandmade,andtheillustrations,fonts,andpagedesignwereallcreatedandunifiedbythesamepersontomakethebookacohesive,beautifulobjectofdesign.Morrisdidnotwhollyrejectmechanization,however;asherecognizedtheadvantagesofmechanicalprocess.Heconsidered,redesigned,andimprovedallaspectsofdesignandproductiontoincreasephysicalandaestheticquality.KelmscottPressproducedover18,000volumesintheeightyearsofitsexistenceandinspiredarevivalofbookdesignontwocontinents.Inaddition,MorrisinspiredareinterpretationofdesignanddesignpracticewithhissteadfastcommitmenttoRuskin'sprinciples.FuturegenerationsofdesignersheldtoMorris'sgoalsofmaterialintegritystrivingforbeautifulutilitarianobjectdesignandcarefullyconsideredfunctionality.Source:https:OPenteXtbC.caqraDhicdesiqnChClPteirchapter-2Q囱Questions1-5Completethesummarybelow.ChooseNOMORETHANONEWORDORNUMBERfromthepassageforeachanswer.Writeyouranswersinboxes1-5onyouranswersheet.WilliamMorrissoughttoreversethenegativeimpacthebelievedthat1._hadhadonthepublishingindustrybycreatinghisownpublishingcompanyin1888,andoneofhisfirstactswastocreatea2._calledGolden.HeusedGoldenforthetypeinhisown3._,whichwaspublishedbyhispress.Allofthebookspublishedbythepresswereinspiredbybooksfromthe4._period.Themachinery,paperanddesignswereallcreatedaccordingtoahighstandardofaestheticbeauty.Intotal,duringits8-yearexistencethepressproducedmorethan5._books.Afteryou'vetriedthesequestions,checkyouranswerswiththefollowingvideo.Questions6-10CompleteeachsentenceWiththecorrectendingA-Gfromtheboxbelow.WritethecorrectletterA-Ginboxes6-10onyouranswersheet.NBnotallletterswillbeused.6. JohnRuskinbelievedthatartandworkshouldbe.7. RuskinlikedItalianartbecauseofits.8. AfterWilliamMorrisleftuniversity,he.9. TheworkersatMorris&Co.hadtolearnabout.10. Morrisdesignedafontwhichwas.A. workedinvariousjobs.B. joinedtogethertoimprovesociety.C. derivedfromtheworkofsomeoneelse.D. interiordesign.E. immediatelybecameapoet.Eartanddesign,aswellashowtomanufacturetheproducts.G. simplerepresentationofnature.Afteryou'vetriedthesequestions,checkyouranswerswiththefollowingvideo.Q囱Questions11-14Completethesentencesbelow.ChooseNOMORETHANTOWORDSfromthetextforeachanswer.11. Morrisfoundedanartisticmovementinreactiontothe-,whichhefeltwaschaotic.12. Duetoitsdirectandsimplerepresentationofnature,Ruskinthoughthighlyofthe_style.13. Morris/careerasa_endedquickly.14. AswellasprintingandbindinghisfirstbookattheKelmscottPress,Morrisalso_it.Afteryou,vetriedthesequestions,checkyouranswerswiththefollowingvideo.PaSSaHe2TheOriginsofPaleoanthropologyA.Paleoanthropology,asubdisciplineofanthropology,isthestudyofextinctprimates.Whilethemajorityofresearchersdoingthiskindofworkareanthropologists,paleontologists(withinthedisciplineofgeology)mayalsostudyfossilprimates.Theprimarymethodusedbypaleoanthropologistsistheanalysisoffossilremains.However;theyincreasinglyrelyonotherscientificdisciplinestogainabetterunderstandingoftheenvironmentalforcesthatplayedaroleinourevolution,aswellastheformationofthefossilrecord.Forexample,geologistsidentifyprocessesofsedimentationandfossilization,anddatefossilsandtheirassociatedsedimentsusingavarietyoftechniques.Avarietyofdisciplinesareinvolvedinhelpingtoreconstructancientenvironmentsandbiologicalcommunities.Paleontologistsidentifyancientfloralandfaunalfossils.Palynologistsanalyzeparticlesinoceanandlakecores,aswellaspolleninterrestrialsedimentstodeterminethepredominantflorainagivenareaataparticulartime.Taphonomistshelpdeterminehowfossilassemblageswereformed.B. Inthe1920s,RaymondDartproposedthatearlyhominins(bipedalprimates,likeourselves)foundinSouthAfricancaveshadinhabitedthosecaves.Inaddition,heinterpretedpuncturewoundsfoundinsomeoftheskullsasevidencethatthosehomininsmadeandusedweaponsforhuntingandmale-maleaggression.ThetaphonomistC.K.Brainarguedinmorerecenttimesthateitherhomininsfellthroughcracksintosubterraneancavesafterhavingbeencachedintreesbyleopards,ortheirbonesweredraggedinbyrodents,suchasporcupines,forgnawing.Wenowrealizethatwhilethoseearlymembersofourtribelikelyusedsimpletools,theywerenotbig-gamehuntersorwarmongers.C. Themostinfluentialfieldstohavecontributedtothescienceofpaleoanthropologyaregeology,biolog½andarchaeology.Geologists(eventhosewhowerenotrecognizedassuch,e.g.,CharlesDarwin)areprimarilyresponsiblefortherealizationsthat(1)theearthisancient,anditformedvianaturalprocesses;(2)theearthwasoriginallycoveredwithwater;andlifebeganinthat“primordialsea”;(3)lifeonearthoriginatedwithsimpleformszwithsomedescendentspeciesbecomingmorecomplexovertime,ascanbeseeninthefossilrecord;(4)specieschangeorgoextinctinresponsetoenvironmentalchange;(5)newspeciesaretheresultofaportionofapopulationadaptingtoneworchangedenvironmentalconditions;(6)thesameforces,suchasvolcaniceruptions,thatoperatetodayarethosethatshapedtheearthandcausedchangesinthefossilrecordviaextinctionsandspeciationevents;and(7)layersanddepositsarecontinuallydevelopingorerodingsothatorganismsareburiedandfossilscometolight,respectively.Theideathatthesameforcesthatoperatetodayarethosethatshapedtheearthandcausedchangesinthefossilrecordistermeduniformitarianism.CharlesLyellcoinedthetermandisheraldedasthefatherofmoderngeology.HegreatlyinfluencedDarwinandthuscontributedtoDarwin,ssyntheticviewoftheevolutionoflifeonearth.Geologistsusevariousmethodstodatefossilsorfossil-containingsedimentsandhavedevelopedachronology(i.e.,atimeline)fortheearthasawhole,aswellasdepositionallayersinareaswherefossilshavebeendiscovered.D. Biologistsandgeneticistshaveplayedaroleinpalaeoanthropologyinthattheyhaverefinedthetheoryofevolutionbymeansofnaturalselectionbydetermininghowtraitsareinherited.Scientistsfromavarietyofdisciplineshaveclassifiedtheknownspeciesoftheworldbasedonevolutionaryrelationships.E. Archaeologyhasplayedandcontinuestoplayastrongroleinpaleoanthropologyviathestudyofthearchaeologicalrecord,thatis,therecordofpasthumanactivityviaculturalremainsandanthropogenic(human-induced)changestotheenvironment.ThomasJeffersonhasbeenreferredtoasthefirstarchaeologist,inthathismethodsweremorescientificthanhisfellowantiquarians.Antiquarianstendedtobeafterthe“goods,“withoutregardforcarefulinterpretationofthearchaeologicalrecord.Mostwouldbeconsideredlootersbytoday'sstandards.Theytookitemsofgreatculturalandhistoricalsignificanceforpersonalormuseumcollections.Someitemshavebeenreturnedtotheircountriesoforigin,butthedamageisdonewhenthearchaeologicalrecordisdisturbedordestroyed.Onceanitemhasbeenremovedfromtheareawhereitwasfound,scientistscannolongerlearnfromitscontext,forexample,fromassociatedartifactsorthelocationoftheartifactingeographicspaceandtime.FAccordingtoMerriam-WebsterOnline,thefirstknownuseoftheterm"paleoanthropology"occurredin1916.However;theearliestpaleoanthropologistswerenotlabeledassuchandcamefromavarietyofoccupations,suchasanatomistsandphysicians.Thefirsthomininfossilsdiscoveredweretheneanderthalsinthe1800s.However;paleoanthropologistsdisagreedaboutwhetherneanderthalswereancestorsofhumansorweremodernhumans.EugeneDuboiswasthefirstpersontointentionallysearchforafossilhominin.HewenttoAsiawiththesolepurposeoffindingevidencethathumansevolvedthere,aswasthereigningbeliefinWesternEurope.In1891zhediscoveredaskullcap(knownasacalotte)andfemurontheSoloRiverinTrinilzJava.This,alongwithotherdiscoveriesmadeinChinaandJavaduringthefirsthalfofthe2Othcentury,supportedtheAsianorigintheoryuntilRaymondDartandhiscontemporary,RobertBroomzbegandiscoveringmuchmoreancientmaterialinSouthAfricanquarriesandcaves.FurtherdiscoveriesbyLouisandMaryLeakeyinEastAfricacementedAfricaasthebirthplaceofhumanity,andtheracetofindhumanoriginsandancestorswason.Source:httas:/milneDublishinq.cieneseo.edu/the-hi5tory-of-our-tribe-hominini/ChcIDter/Daleoanthroaolociy/Questions15-19Passage2hassixsectionslabelledA-F.ChoosethecorrectheadingsforSectionsB-F.ListofHeadingsi. Archaeologistsversusantiquariansii. Earlyfossildiscoveriesiii. Environmentalchangesiv. Overviewofthesubjecty/.Thediscoveriesofgeologyvi. Thehumanstoryvii. Theinfluenceofpaleoanthropologyviii. Theroleofevolutionarystudiesi×.TwoviewsonhowfossilscametobeincavesE.g.SectionA-iv15. SectionB16. SectionC17. SectionD18. SectionE19. SectionFAfteryou,vetriedthesequestions,checkyouranswerswiththefollowingvideo.Questions20-23ChoosetheappropriatelettersA,B,CorD.Writeyouranswersinboxes20-23onyouranswersheet.20. ThemaintechniqueemployedbypaleoanthropologistsisA. thestudyofancientrocks.B. theexaminationoffossils.C. theanalysisOfenvironmentalforces.D. thereconstructionOfancientenvironments.21. ApossiblereasonforfossilsbeingfoundinSouthAfricancavesisthatA. primateslivedinthecaves.B. thebonesofprimatesfellintothecavesthroughcracksintheirceilings.IELTSADVANTAGEIELTSAdvantagePracticeReadingTest2C. thecaveswereusedbyleopardstosleepin.D. earlyhumansweredraggedintothecavesbyrats.22. OneoftheinsightsofgeologyisthatA. lifeonearthstartedinextremelydryconditions.B. theextinctionofcertainanimalsisduetopollution.C. volcanoeshavedestroyedmanyfossils.D. theearthisextremelyold.23. AntiquariansA. oftenusedscientifictechniquesfirstintroducedbyThomasJefferson.B. wouldfrequentlystealimportantobjectsinordertoputtheminmuseums.C. destroyedobjectsinordertopreventscientistsfromdiscoveringthem.D. carefullyinterpretedthearchaeologicalrecord.Afteryou,vetriedthesequestions,checkyouranswerswiththefollowingvideo.Questions24-27Lookattheinformationbelow(Questions24-27)andtheIistofpeoplebelow.MatcheachpieceofinformationwiththecorrectpersonA-H.AnswersA-Hcanbeusedmorethanonce.24. Thoughtthathomininsdidn'tinhabitcaves.25. Originatedthepracticeoflookingforhomininfossils.26. WasinspiredbytheworkofLyell.27. MadediscoveriesthatsupportedtheviewthatthebirthplaceofhumanitywasAsia.ListofpeopleA. RaymondDartB. C.K.BrainC. CharlesDarwinD. CharlesLyellE. ThomasJeffersonEEugeneDuboisG. RobertBroomH. LouisandMaryLeakeyAfteryou,vetriedthesequestions,checkyouranswerswiththefollowingvideo.PaSSaHe3TheGreatPyramidofGizaTheGreatPyramidofGiza(alsoknownasthePyramidofKhufuorthePyramidofCheops)istheoldestandlargestofthethreepyramidsintheGizapyramidcomplexborderingpresent-dayGizainGreaterCairo,Egypt.ItistheoldestoftheSevenWondersoftheAncientWorld,andtheonlyonetoremainlargelyintact.Basedonamarkinaninteriorchambernamingtheworkgangandareferencet