2024剑桥雅思讲义Sentence_Completion 1.docx

ZQ国田IELTSADVANTAGEPaSSage1WilliamMorrisandtheArts&CraftsMovementConditionsandProductsoftheIndustrialAgeTheArts&Craftsmovementemergedinthesecondhalfofthe19thcenturyinEnglandinreactiontothesocial,moral,andaestheticchaoscreatedbytheIndustrialRevolution.WilliamMorriswasitsfounderandleader.Heabhorredthecheapandcheerfulproductsofmanufacturing,theterribleworkingandlivingconditionsofthepoor;andthelackofguidingmoralprinciplesofthetimes.Morriscalledforafitnessofpurpose,truthtothenatureofthematerialsandmethodsofproduction,andindividualexpressionbybothartistandworker.Thesephilosophicalpointsarestillpivotaltotheexpressionofdesignstyleandpracticetothisday.DesignstylesfromtheArts&Craftsmovementonhaveemphasized,invaryingdegrees,eitherfitnessofpurposeandmaterialintegrity,orindividualexpressionandtheneedforvisualsubjectivity.MorrisbasedhisphilosophyonthewritingsofJohnRuskin,acriticoftheIndustrialAge,andamanwhofeltthatsocietyshouldworktowardpromotingthehappinessandwell-beingofeveryoneofitsmembers,bycreatingaunionofartandlabourintheserviceofsociety.RuskinadmiredthemedievalGothicstyleforthesequalities,aswellastheItalianaestheticofmedievalartbecauseofitsdirectanduncomplicateddepictionofnature.Manyartists,architects,anddesignerswereattractedtoRuskin'sphilosophyandbegantointegratecomponentsofthemintotheirwork.Morris,influencedbyhisupbringinginanagrariancountryside,wasprofoundlymovedbyRuskin,sstanceonfusingworkandcreativity,andbecamedeterminedtofindawaytomakeitarealityforsociety.Thispathbecamehislife,swork.Pre-RaphealiteBrotherhoodMorrismetEdwardBurne-JonesatExeterCollegewhenbothwerestudyingthere.Theybothreadextensivelythemedievalhistory,chronicles,andpoetryavailabletothemandwroteeveryday.Morrispublishedhisfirstvolumeofpoetrywhenhewas24zandcontinuedtowriteandpublishfortherestofhislife.Aftergraduation,MorrisandBurne-Jonestriedafewoccupations,andeventuallydecidedtobecomeartists.BothbecamefollowersofDanteGabrielRossetti,whofoundedthePre-RaphealitebrotherhoodthatwasbasedonmanyofRuskin,sprinciples.Morrisdidnotlastlongasapainteeventuallyfindinghisdesignvocationwhilecreatingahomeforhimselfandhisnewwife(Rossetti'smuseandmodel).DiscoveringthelackofdesignintegrityinVictorianhomefurnishingsandvariousadditionaldeficienciesinotheraspectsofhomeproducts,hechosetonotonlydesignhishome,butallitsfurniture,tapestries,andstainedglass.Morris&Co.InI860,Morrisestablishedaninteriordesignfirmwithfriendsbasedontheknowledgeandexperienceshehadincraftingandbuildinghishome.Hebegantransformingnotonlythelookofhomeinteriorsbutalsothedesignstudio.HebroughttogethercraftsmenofallkindsundertheumbrellaofhisstudioandbegantoimplementRuskin,sphilosophyofcombiningartandcraft.InMorris'scase,thiswasfocusedonmakingbeautifulobjectsforthehome.ThecraftsmenwereQD国IELTSADVANTAGEencouragedtostudyprinciplesofartanddesign,notjustproduction,sotheycouldreintegratedesignprinciplesintotheproductionoftheirproducts.Theobjectstheycreatedweremadeanddesignedwithanintegrityacraftsmancouldfeelproudofandfindjoyincreating,whiletheeventualownerwouldconsidertheseproductsonparwithworksofart(anexistingexampleistheMorrischair),ThelookoftheworkcomingoutoftheMorrisstudiowasbasedspecificallyonanEnglishmedievalaestheticthattheBritishpubliccouldconnectto.TheEnglishlookanditsintegrityofproductionmadeMorris'sworkverysuccessfulandsoughtafter.Hisorganizationalinnovationsandprincipledapproachgainedattentionwithcraftsmenandartisans,andbecameamodelforanumberofcraftguildsandartsocieties,whicheventuallychangedtheBritishdesignlandscape.WilliamMorrisandtheKelmscottPressMorris,sinterestinwritingneverwanedandmadehimacutelyawareofhowthebookpublishingindustryhadbeennegativelyaffectedbyindustrialization.OneofhismanypursuitsincludedtherevitalizationofthebookformanditsdesigncomponentsthroughtheestablishmentoftheKelmscottPress.Thepresswascreatedin1888afterMorris,inspiredbyalectureaboutmedievalmanuscriptsandincunabulapublications,beganthedesignofhisfirstfont,Golden,whichwasbasedontheVenetianromanfacecreatedoriginallybyNicolasJenson.Inhisreinterpretationofthisearlierfont,Morrisstrovetooptimizereadabilitywhileretainingaestheticintegrity-intheprocessrevivinginterestinfontdesignofearlierperiods.Morrisusedthisfontinhisfirstbook,TheStoryofGlitteringPlain,whichheillustrated,printed,andboundathispress.ThedesignapproachofthispublicationandallothersKelmscottproducedinitseightyearswasbasedonrecreatingtheintegratedapproachandbeautyoftheincunabulabooksandmanuscriptsofthemedievalperiod.Allaspectsofthepublicationwereconsideredandcarefullydeterminedtocreateacohesivewhole.Thepressitselfusedhand-operatedmachinery,thepaperwashandmade,andtheillustrations,fontszandpagedesignwereallcreatedandunifiedbythesamepersontomakethebookacohesive,beautifulobjectofdesign.Morrisdidnotwhollyrejectmechanization,however,asherecognizedtheadvantagesofmechanicalprocess.Heconsidered,redesigned,andimprovedallaspectsofdesignandproductiontoincreasephysicalandaestheticquality.KelmscottPressproducedover18,000volumesintheeightyearsofitsexistenceandinspiredarevivalofbookdesignontwocontinents.Inaddition,MorrisinspiredareinterpretationofdesignanddesignpracticewithhissteadfastcommitmenttoRuskin,sprinciples.FuturegenerationsofdesignersheldtoMorris'sgoalsofmaterialintegritystrivingforbeautifulutilitarianobjectdesignandcarefullyconsideredfunctionality.Source:https:ODenteXtbC.caarcphicdesicnChClPtel7chapter-2/ZH国田IELTSADVANTAGEQuestions11-14Completethesentencesbelow.ChooseNOMORETHANTWOWORDSfromthetextforeachanswer.11. Morrisfoundedanartisticmovementinreactiontothe_,whichhefeltwaschaotic.12. Duetoitsdirectandsimplerepresentationofnature,Ruskinthoughthighlyofthe_style.13. Morris/careerasa_endedquickly.14. AswellasprintingandbindinghisfirstbookattheKelmscottPresszMorrisalso_it.