2024剑桥雅思讲义Reading_Test_6.docx

PaSSaRe1Bede,sChairThiscuriousrelicispreservedinthevestryoftheancientchurchofJarrowztwomilesfromSouthShields,inthecountyofDurham.ItisalargechairofoakztraditionallysaidtohavebeentheseatoftheVENERABLEBEDE,thepre-eminentboastofthemonastery,aportiononlyofthechurchofwhichestablishmentremainsatJarrow.Thechairisverrudelyformed,and,withtheexceptionoftheback,isofgreatage.TohavebeenpossessedbyBede,itmustbeelevenhundredyearsold;butthereisnopreciselyauthentictestimonyofitsbelongingtothatlearnedwriter.TheDanesandNormansaresaidtohaveplunderedthemonasteryofallitsvaluables;thoughitisreasonabletosuppose,thatthemonkswouldpreservetheseatoftheirprincipalwithmorereverentialcare,andattachtoitmoreimportance,thantheywouldtoanyotherarticleoffurniture.Mr.Fosbrokezthediligentantiquarian,referstoitasBede'sChairinaccreditedmanner;thatis,astakenforgranted,orwithoutnoteorcommentofdoubt.VenerableBedewasbornatWearmouthzA.D.672,onlyafewyearsaftertheintroductionofChristianityintoNorthumberland.Whensevenyearsofage,hewasreceivedintothemonasteryofhisnativeplace,wherehisinfantmindacquiredtherudimentsofthatknowledgewhichhasrenderedhismemoryimmortal.Whenonlynineteen,hewasordaineddeacon;and,evenatthatearlyage,wasregardedasexemplaryforhispietyandstudiouslife:hewassubsequentlyremovedtothenewfoundationatJarrow,wherehecontinuedtostudythroughoutalonglife.Theresultsofhismonasticseclusionfurnishabrightpageeveninthesedarkages."Suchwastheauthorityofhiswritings,that,thoughonlyahumblemonkinthemostremote,barbarous,andrecentlyconvertedoftheSaxonprincipalities,heattained(whatwaseventhen)thesingularhonourofbeingthemostcelebratedwriterofChristendomformorecenturiesthanone."Hisgreatworkisentitled,an"EcclesiasticalHistory/1detailingecclesiasticalwithcivilevents;whichwaszindeed,inevitable,whentheecclesiasticsweretheonlymenofknowledge.Bedebelievedinmiraculousinterpositions,andhonestlyrelatedthem;nevertheless,ourobligationstohisindustryareinvaluable.TohimweoweallourknowledgeofEnglishhistory,fromthelandingoftheSaxonsinKenttohistime,(nearlythreecenturies,)andallourcertaininformationrespectingthevarioustribeswhotheninhabitedtheisland:fromhimitisapparentthattheworkcalledtheSaxonChroniclecopieslongpassages.Whenonlynineteen,hewasordaineddeacon;and,evenatthatearlyage,wasregardedasexemplaryforhispietyandstudiouslife:hewassubsequentlyremovedtothenewfoundationatJarrow,wherehecontinuedtostudythroughoutalonglife.Hisworks,publishedatBasle,extendtoeightfoliovolumes.BedediedMay26,735,inthesixty-thirdyearofhisage.Hewasfirstburiedinhisownmonastery,buthisremainswereafterwardsremoved,andinterredinDurhamcathedral;and,beingsubsequentlycanonized,hewasenrolledintheRomishcalendarofsaints.HischaracteristhusdrawnbyWilliamofMaImsburyi-nHewasaman,that,althoughbornintheextremecorneroftheworld,yetthelightofhislearningspreadoverallpartsoftheearth.Allthehourswhichhehadtosparefromthemonasticexercisesofprayer;andsinginginthechoirsbydayandnight,(inwhichhewasconstantandverydevout,)hemostdiligentlyspentinstudy,anddividedhiswholetimebetweenthatandhisdevotions."TheChairisnottheonlymemorialofBedepreservedinthisneighbourhood.AboutonemilewestofJarrowisaWell,stillcalledSt.Bede,sttowhichitwascustomary,almostaslateasthemiddleofthelastcentur½toconveydiseasedchildren,and,afterdroppinginacrookedpin,todipthemfortherecoveryoftheirhealth:roundtheWell,also,oneveryMidsummerEve,wasagreatresortoftheneighbouringpeople,withbonfires,music,anddancing.ThemysticalpropertiesoftheWellarenotofdifficultsolution:sinceitwasreasonableenoughtoassociatetherestorativeeffectsofcoldbathingwithsanctity;andtherejoicingsatthespringwereindicativeofthegladnessofthepeople,inconnectionwithanameendearedtothem,bythewisdom,virtue,andbenevolence,ofitspossessorSource:TheMirrorofLiterature,Amusement,andInstruction,No.583Volume20Questions1-4Completethesentencesbelow.ChooseNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSfromthetextforeachanswer.Writeyouranswersinboxes1-4onyouranswersheet.1. Bede,schaircanbefoundattheremainsofachurchinJarrowzitisalargeseatconstructedof2. Bede,sChairisoldand,apartfromthebackofthechairwhichisrelativelynew.3. ItisthoughtthattheDanesandNormansstoleallthefromthemonastery.4. Attheearlyageofnineteen,BedebeforemovingtoaneworderinJarrowwherehecontinuedhisstudiesuntilhedied.Questions5-8CompleteeachsentencewiththecorrectendingA-Gfromtheboxbelow.WritethecorrectletterA-Ginboxes5-8onyouranswersheet.NBnotallletterswillbeused.5. Itisnotunreasonabletobelievethat.6. Bedewasreceivedbyhislocalmonastery.7. ThankstoBedewe.O.AfterbeingburiedfirstlyatJarrow.A. Bedewasaverycleverman.B. whenhewasonlysevenyearsold.C. canvisitthechairatJarrow.D. inMayofthefollowingyear.E. Bede/sbodywasrelocatedtoDurham.F. themonksvaluedBedezschairabovealloftheotherpiecesoffurniture.G. knowalotmoreaboutthehistoryofBritain.Questions9-13Completethesummarybelow.ChooseNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSfromthepassageforeachanswer.Writeyouranswersinboxes9-13onyouranswersheetInJarrowandthesurroundingarea,thereistothisday,another9ofBede.ThereisaWell,knowasSt.Bede'sandlocated10ofJarrow.Upuntilthemiddleofthelastcentury,11weretakentotheWellwhereitwasbelievedadipinthewaterwouldbegoodfortheirhealth.TheWellwasalsoasiteforthe12togettogetherandcelebrate1eachyearwithpartiesandbonfires.Passage2GROWTHANDCHANGEThecaterpillardiffersmarkedlyfromthebutterfly.Aswepursueourstudiesofinsectgrowthandtransformationweshallfindthatinsomecasesthedifferencebetweenyoungandadultismuchgreaterasforexamplebetweenthemaggotandthehouse-fl½inothersfarlessasbetweentheyoungandfull-growngrasshopperorplant-bug.Itisevidentlywisetobeginageneralsurveyofthesubjectwithsomeofthosesimplercasesinwhichthedifferencesbetweentheyoungandadultinsectarecomparativelyslight.Weshallthenbeinapositiontounderstandbetterthemeaningofthemorepuzzlingandcomplexcasesinwhichthedifferencesbetweenthestagesareprofound.Inthefirstplaceitisnecessarytorealisethatthechangeswhichanyinsectpassesthroughduringitslife-storyareessentiallyaccompanimentsofitsgrowth.Thelimitsofthislittlebookallowonlyslightreferencetofeaturesofinternalstructure;wemustbecontent,inthemain,todealwiththeoutwardform.Butthereisanimportantrelationbetweenthisoutwardformandtheunderlyinglivingtissueswhichmustbeclearlyunderstood.Throughoutthegreatraceofanimals-theArthropocla-ofwhichinsectsformaclass,thebodyiscoveredoutwardlybyacuticleorsecretionoftheunderlyinglayeroflivingcellswhichformtheouterskinorepidermis).Thiscuticlehasregionswhicharehardandfirm,forminganexoskeleton,and,betweenthese,areaswhicharerelativelysoftandflexible.Thefirmregionsarecommonlysegmentalintheirarrangement,andtheinterveningflexibleconnectionsrenderpossibleaccuratemotionsofthee×oskeletalpartsinrelationtoeachother;themotionsbeingduetothecontractionofmuscleswhichareattachedwithintheexoskeleton.Theterm'hypodermis'frequentlyappliedtothislayerismisleading.Thelayeristhetrueouterskinectodermorepidermis.Nowthisjointedexoskeletonanadmirablyformedsuitofarmourthoughitoftenishasonedrawback:itisnotpartoftheinsect'slivingtissues.Itisacuticleformedbythesolidifyingofafluidsecretedbytheepidermalcells,thereforewithoutlife,withoutthepowerofgrowth,andwithonlyalimitedcapacityforstretching.Itfollows,therefore,thatatleastduringtheperiodthroughwhichtheinsectcontinuestogrow,thecuticlemustbeperiodicallyshed.Thusinthelife-storyofaninsectorotherarthropod,suchasalobster;aspiderzoracentipede,theremustbeasuccessionofcuticle-castings,moults'orecdysesastheyareoftencalled.Whensuchamoultisabouttotakeplacethecuticleseparatesfromtheunderlyingepidermis,andafluidcollectsbeneath.Adelicatenewcuticleisthenformedincontactwiththeepidermis,andtheoldcuticleopens,usuallywithaslitlengthwisealongtheback,toallowtheinsectinitsnewcoattoemerge.Atfirstthisnewcoatisthinandflabby,butafteraperiodofexposuretotheairithardensanddarkens,becomingaworthyandlargersuccessortothatwhichhasbeencast.Thecuticlemoreoverisbynomeanswhollyexternal.Thegreaterpartofthedigestivecanalandthewholeair-tubesystemareformedbyinpushingsoftheouterskin(ectoderm)andareconsequentlylinedwithanextensionofthechitinouscuticlewhichisshedandrenewedateverymoult.Inallinsectsthesesuccessivemoultstendtobeassociatedwithchangeofform,sometimesslight,sometimesverygreat.Thenewcuticleisrarelyanexactreproductionoftheoldone,itexhibitssomenewfeatures,whichareoftenindicationsoftheinsect'sapproachtowardsmaturity.EveninsomeofthoseinterestingandprimitiveinsectstheBristle-tails(Thysanura)andSpring-tails(Collembola),inwhichwingsareneverdeveloped,perceptibledifferencesintheformandarrangementoftheabdominallimbscanbetracedthroughthesuccessivestages,asR.HeymonsandK.W.VerhoeffhaveshownforMachilis.Butthechangesundergonebysuchinsectsarecomparativelysoslight,thatthecreaturesareoftenknownas'Ametabola'orinsectswithouttransformationinthelife-history.Nowthereareaconsiderablenumberofwingedinsectscockroachesandgrasshoppersforexampleinwhichtheobservablechangesarealsocomparativelyslight.Wewillsketchbrieflythemainfeaturesofthelife-storyofsuchaninsect.Theyoungcreatureishatchedfromtheegginaformcloselyresembling,onthewhole,thatofitsparent,sothattheterm'miniatureadult'sometimesappliedtoit,isnotinappropriate.Thebabycockroachisknownbyitsflattenedbody,roundedprothorax,andstiff,jointedtail-feelersorcercopods;thebabygrasshopperbyitsstrong,elongatehind-legs,adapted,likethoseoftheadultzforvigorousleaping.Duringthegrowthoftheinsecttotheadultstatetheremaybefourorfivemoults,eachprecededandsucceededbyacharacteristicinstar.Thefirstinstardiffers,however;fromtheadultinoneconspicuousandnoteworthyfeature,itpossessesnotraceofwings.Butafterthefirstorthesecondmoult,definitewing-rudimentsarevisibleintheformofoutgrowthsonthecornersofthesecondandthirdthoracicsegments.Ineachsucceedinginstartheserudimentsbecomemoreprominent,andinthefourthorthefifthstage,theyshowabranchingarrangementofair-tubeszprefiguringthenervuresoftheadult'swing.Afterthelastmoultthewingsareexposed,articulatedtothesegmentsthatbearthem,andcapableofmotion.Havingbeenformedbeneaththecuticleofthewing-rudimentsofthepenultimateinstathewingsarenecessarilyabbreviatedandcrumpled.Butduringtheprocessofhardeningofthecuticleztheyrapidlyincreaseinsize,bloodandairbeingforcedthroughthenervures,sothatthewingsattainingtheirfullexpanseandfirmness,becomesuitedforthefunctionofflight.Theconvenientterm,instar,hasbeenproposedbyFischerandadvocatedbySharpfortheformassumedbyaninsectduringastageofitslife-story.Thusthecreatureashatchedfromtheeggisthefirstinstar,afterthefirstmoultithasbecomethesecondinstar;andsoon,thenumberofmoultsbeingalwaysonelessthanthenumberofinstars.Source:TheLife-StoryofInsectsbyAuthor:Geo.H.CarpenterQuestions14-18ChooseNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSfromthepassagetoanswerthequestionsbelow.Writeyouranswers14-18ontheanswersheet.14. Insectsformwhichclassofanimals?15. Themaindisadvantageoftheexoskeletonisthatitisnotpartoftheinsect'swhat?16. zMouItszorzecdyes,refertothesheddingofwhichpartoftheinsect?17. Whena'moult'isabouttohappen,whatdoesthecuticleseparatefrom?18. Whatemergesfromtheopeningalongtheinsectsback?Questions19-22Completethesummarybelow.ChooseNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSfromthepassageforeachanswer.Writeyouranswersinboxes19-22onyouranswersheetWhentheinsectfirstemergesfromamoult,itsnewskinis19howeveraftersometimeintheairitbecomesharderanddarkerincolourandtheinsectstartstolookmorelikeitspredecessoronlybigger.Thedigestivecanalandtheair-tubesystemsarecreatedasthe2Oorectodermpushesinwardandasaresultarecoatedwithanextendedchitinouscuticle.Atevery21thischitinouscuticleis22.Questions23-26Dothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeclaimsofthewriterinpassage2?YesifthestatementagreeswiththeclaimsofthewriterNoifthestatementcontradictstheclaimsofthewriterNotGivenifitisimpossibletosaywhatthewriterthinksaboutthis23. Insects smaller.havinghatchedfromtheireggsaresimilarinappearancetotheadultzjust24. Eachinsectundergoesatleastfivechangesbeforebecominganadult.25. Duringthefirststageofthegrowthitisimpossibletoseetheinsect'swings.26. Atthefinalstageinsectshavetolearntoflywiththeirnewwings.PaSSaRe3VESALIUSParagraphA-TheauthorityofGalen,atonceadespotismandareligion,wasscarcelyevercalledinquestionuntilthesixteenthcentury.Noattemptworthrecordingwasmadeduringthirteenhundredyearstoextendtheboundaryofscientificknowledgeinanatomyandphysiology.Itistruethatthescholasticphilosopher;AlbertusMagnuszwhowasforashorttime(1260-1262)BishopofRatisbon,inthemiddleofthethirteenthcenturywrotea"HistoryofAnimals/'whichwasaremarkableproductionfortheageinwhichhelived;althoughSirThomasBrowne,inhisfamous"EnquiriesintoCommonErrors,"speaksofthese"Tractates"asrequiringtobereceivedwithcautionzaddingasregardsAlbertusthat"hewasamanwhomuchadvancedtheseopinionsbytheauthoritieofhisname,anddeliveredmostconceits,withStricktenquirieintofew."ParagraphB-Asregardshumananatomy,itwasconsidered,duringtheMiddleAgesztobeimpietytotouchwithascalpel"thedeadimageofGod,"asman'sbodywascalled.MundinusztheprofessorofmedicineatBolognafrom1315to1318,wasthefirsttoattemptanysuchthing.Heexhibitedthepublicdissectionofthreebodies,butbythiscreatedsogreatascandalthathegaveupthepractice,andcontentedhimselfwithpublishingawork,"DeAnatome/'whichformedasortofcommentaryonGalen.Thiswork,withadditions,continuedtobethetext-bookoftheschoolsuntilthetimeofVesaliuszwhofoundedthestudyofanatomyasnowadayspursued.ParagraphC-AndreasVesaliuswasbornatBrussels,onthelastdayoftheyear1514zofafamilywhichforseveralgenerationshadbeeneminentformedicalattainments.HewassentasaboytoLouvain,wherehespentthegreaterpartofhisleisureinresearchesintothemechanismoftheloweranimals.Hewasaborndissector;who,aftercarefulexamination,inhisearlydays,ofrats,moles,dogs,cats,monkeyszandtheIikezcame,inafter-life,tobedissatisfiedwithanylessknowledgeoftheanatomyofman.ParagraphD-Heacquiredgreatproficiencyinthescholarshipoftheday.IndeedtheLatin,inwhichheafterwardswrotehisgreatwork,issosingularlypurethatoneofhisdetractorspretendedthatVesaliusmusthavegotsomegoodscholartowritetheLatinforhim.Latinwasnottheonlylanguageinwhichhewasproficient;headdedGreekandArabictohisotheraccomplishments,andthisforthepurposeofreadingthegreatbiologicalworksinthelanguagesinwhichtheywereoriginallywritten.FromLouvaintheyouthwenttoParis,wherehestudiedanatomyunderamostdistinguishedphysician,Sylvius.ItwasthepracticeofthatillustriousprofessortoreadtohisclassGalenonthe"UseofParts,"omittingnearlyallthesectionswhereexactknowledgeofanatomicaldetailwasnecessary.Sometimesanattemptwasmadetoillustratethelecturebythedissectionofadog,butsuchillustrationmoreoftenexposedtheprofessor'signorancethanitaddedtothestudent'sknowledge.Indirectly,however;itdidgood,forwheneverSylvius,afterhavingtriedinvaintodemonstratesomemuscle,ornerve,orvein,lefttheroom,hispupilVesaliusslippeddowntothetable,dissectedoutthepartwithgreatneatness,andtriumphantlycalledtheprofessor'sattentiontoitonhisreturn.ParagraphE-BesidesstudyingunderSylvius,VesaliushadforhisteacheratParisthefamousWinter;OfAndernachzwhowasphysiciantoFrancisI.Thislearnedman,inaworkpublishedthreeyearsafterthisperiod,sp