2024剑桥雅思讲义Reading_Test_8.docx

PaSSaHe1COOKINGFISHPerhapstheonlywaysofproperlycookingfisharebakingandgrilling,yetthesearepreciselythewaysleastpractised.Boilingandfryinghavepreviouslyheldtoogreatamonopolyinourmethods.Whengrilling,aperfectlyclearfireisabsolutelyindispensable;moresointhecaseoffishthanwhenintendingtocooksteakorchops.Ashovel-fullofgoodcinders,slightlywetted,andgivensufficienttimetobecomered-hot,willgenerallyensureagoodsurfaceheatzbutacharcoal"braisiere"s,byfathebestfireforthispurpose.Aspecialgridironshouldbekeptforfishonly.Afterusing,letitbethoroughlywashedanddried,andbeforeusingagainrubthebarsoverwithalittleoil;fishismoreeasilymarked,andapttosticksoonerthanmeat.Ifthegridironisnotadoubleone,useapairoftongswithwhichtoturnthefishover;bewareofstickingaforkintoit.Therecanbenodoubtthatgrillingbringsoutaflavourwhichnothingelsewill.Whatcansurpassafreshmackerel,grilledafterbeingsplitopenandboned?Animportantpointtobearinmindinthismethodofcookeryis,tokeepintheflavour.Asliceofgrilledsalmonwilltastefarniceriftheslicehasbeenwrappedinbutteredpaper;butcookinganythinginpaperrequiresthegreatestcare,asshouldtherebetheslightestflare,thepaperwillcatchfire.Whenbakingfishthatiswrappedinbutteredpaper;thechiefthingtobearinmindisnottosparethebutter.This,oneofthemostdelicateanddeliciouswaysofcookingfish,isapttobeentirelyspoilt,becauseonlyalittledabofbutterisallowed.Whenfishhasbeencookedinpaperitshouldbesenttothetablejustasitis,paperandall.Alwaysuseplainwhitenotepaper;neverprinted.Whenboilingfishzaverycommonfaultisomittingtoputsufficientsaltintothewater.Inthecaseoflargefish,saltshouldbeaddedintheproportionofhalfapoundtoagallonofwater;forsmallerfish,aproportionofaquarter-poundtothegallonissufficient.ItisnowgenerallythoughtbesttoplacefishinnearlyboilingWateCthenallowittocomegentlytotheboilingpointagainzthiskeepsintheflavouronthesameprincipleastheboilingofmeat.Thetimealloweddependsentirelyonthesizeofthefish,butwhenthefleshshowssignsofbeingjustabletobeseparatedfromthebone,itisamplydone.Ibpreservethewhitenessofwhitefish,itiswisetorubthemoverwithlemon-juicebeforeboiling.Onemethodofboilingfish,whenitisintendedforeatingcoldzistodoitin"court-bouillon,"andiffresh-waterfishiscookedthiswayitisrelievedofmuchofitsinsipidity.Onepartofvinegar;onepartofredwine,tofourpartsofWatecforthe"bouillon."Tbtwoquartsoftheliquorputanounceofsalt,halfanounceofpeppe;abunchofsavouryherbs,aslicedonionandacarrot.Sometimesasmallpieceofbaconisalsoadded.Lettheseallboiltogetherforsometime,thenstraintheliquorandkeepinastonejar.Itwillkeepalongtimeifoccasionallyre-boiled.Thefishshouldbewellcoveredwiththeliquidwhenlaidinthefish-kettleandallowedtoboilgradually.Ibfryfishsuccessfullyitshouldbeliterallyboiledinfat.Thiscannotbedoneoverasloworsmokyfire,neithercanitbedoneunlessanabundanceoffatisallowed.Itisnotanextravagantmethod,evenifthepanisalargeone,andittakestwoorthreepoundstofillit.Ifcarefullypouredintoabasincontainingboilingwaterafterthefishhasbeencooked,theloosebreadcrumbsandotherparticleswillfalltothebottom,andthefatformaclearwhitecrust.Whenduecareisexercisedthereisnoreasonwhythesamefatshouldnotbeusedfiftytimesover.Letitbequiteboilingwhenthefishisputin.Thismaybeknownbyitsperfectstillnessandthefaintbluevapourwhichwillrisefromit.Whenthefishhasbeenwashedandcarefullydried,flouritbeforedippingintobeatenegg,andbreadcrumbs.Layasmallpieceofblotting-paperatthebottomofthedishtoabsorballgrease.Variousrecipesforbakingfisharegiveninthefollowingpages.Perhapsoneofthenicestwaysofdoingfishintheovenisz,augratin'*.Brieflydescribed,thisconsistsofalayerofmixedherbsandbreadcrumbslaidfirstatthebottomofawell-buttereddish,thefishlaidonthis,thenthesameingredientswithseasoningandmorebutteroverit.Veryoftenaglassofwineorvinegarisadded.Anythingcookedz,augratin"mustalwayscometothetableinthedishinwhichitwascooked,hencethegratin-dishisanotherindispensablekitchenrequisite.Whenintendingtousesaltedfishforanydishitshouldalwaysbeallowedtolieinwateratleasttwenty-fourhourspreviously,andthewatershouldbechangedfrequently;thendrainanddrythoroughly.Source:AHANDBOOKOFFISHCOOKERYBYLUCYH.YfiTESQuestions1-4ChooseNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSfrompassage1foreachanswer.1. Whichcookingutensilisrecommendedforgrillingfish?2. Whatdoeswrappingfishinpaperhelptokeep?3. Rubbinglemonjuiceonwhitefishisrecommendedtodowhat?4. Whereexactlydoyoucook”au-gratirdishes?Questions5-8ChoosetheappropriatelettersA,B,CorD.5. AcharcoalfireisbestforA.frying.B.grilling.C.boiling.D.baking.6. Whencookingfishthatiswrappedinpaper;youshouldA. removethepaperbeforeserving.B. useanyoldprintedpaper.C. serveitwiththepaperstillaroundit.D. letpartofthepaperburnalittle.7. Whenboilingfish,peopleoftenforgettoA. ensurethatthewaterhasboiledfirst.B. addenoughsalttothewater.C. putexactlyagallonofwaterinthepan.D. addenoughherbstothewater.8. FriedfishshouldbeA. cookedveryslowly.B. boiledbeforefryingit.C. cookedinashallowpanwithalittlefat.D. cookedinadeeppanwithalotoffat.Questions9-13DothefollowingstatementsagreeWiththeinformationprovidedinpassage2?TrueFalse Not Givenifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationifthestatementcontradictstheinformationifthereisnoinformationonthis9. Themostcommonwaystocookfishusedtobebyfryingandboilingit.10. Whencookingfishthatiswrappedinpaper;youshouldnotusetoomuchbutter.11. Itiscommontodrinkredwinewithfish.12. Itisacceptabletousethesamefatagainandagainwhenfryingfish.13. Fishdishesthatarecookedzaugratin'mustbetransferredtoanotherdishbeforeserving.PaSSaHe2PROFESSIONALIMPULSESA-Alargeportionofpeoplewhoaredrivenbyambitionorthenecessitytoadvancethemselvesintheworldzchooseaprofessioninwhichtheyimaginetheirtalentsarelikelytoberewardedwithsuccess.Thereareparticularadvantagesthatresultfromthisclassificationofsocietyintodifferentprofessions.Thesenseofpride,unityandloyaltysharedbythemembersofaparticularprofessionfrequentlyoverpowersthejealousywhichexistsbetweenindividualsandpushesontoadvantageoussituationssomeofthemorefortunateoftheprofession;whilst,ontheotherhand,anyinsultabouttheweakestmembersiseitherredressedorresentedbythewholebody.B-Thereareotheradvantageswhichareperhapsofmoreimportancetothepublic.ThenumberswhichcomposethelearnedprofessionsinEnglandaresoconsiderable,thatakindofpublicopinionisgeneratedamongstthem,whichpowerfullytendstosuppressanyconductthatisinjuriouseithertotheprofessionortothepublic.Againzthemutualjealousyandrivalrythatisfoundamongstthewholebodyissoconsiderable,thatalthoughtherankandestimationwhichanindividualholdsintheprofessionmaybemostunfairlyappreciated,bytakingtheopinionofhisrival;fewestimationsaregenerallymorecorrectthantheopinionofawholeprofessiononthemeritsofanyoneofitsbody.Thistestisofgreatvaluetothepublic,andbecomesthemoreso,inproportiontothedifficultyofthestudytowhichtheprofessionisdevoted.C-Thepursuitofsciencedoesnot,inEngland,constituteadistinctprofession,asitdoesinmanyothercountries.Itistherefore,onthatgroundalone,deprivedofmanyoftheadvantageswhichattachtoprofessions.Oneofitsgreatestmisfortunesarisesfromthiscircumstance;forthesubjectsonwhichitisconversantaresodifficult,andrequiresuchunremitteddevotionoftimezthatfewwhohavenotspentyearsintheirstudycanjudgetherelativeknowledgeofthosewhopursuethem.Itfollows,therefore,thatthepublic,andeventhatmenofsoundsenseanddiscernment,canscarcelyfindmeanstodistinguishbetweenthepossessorsofknowledge,inthepresentda½merelyelementary,andthosewhoseacquirementsareofthehighestorder.D-Asthereexistswithusnoparticularclassprofessedlydevotedtoscience,itfrequentlyhappensthatwhenaposition,whichrequiresconsiderablescientificqualificationsinordertobestcarryoutthepost,isvacant,itbecomesnecessarytoselectfromamateurs,orratherfrompeoplewhosechiefattentionhasbeenbestowedonothersubjects,andtowhomsciencehasbeenonlyanoccasionalpursuit.Acertainquantityofscientificknowledgeisofcoursepossessedbyindividualsinmanyprofessions;andwhenaddedtotheprofessionalacquirementsofthearm½thenavy,ortotheknowledgeofthemerchant,ishighlymeritorious:butitisobviousthatthismaybecome,whenseparatedfromtheprofession,quiteinsignificantasthebasisofascientificreputation.E-Tbthosewhohavechosentheprofessionofmedicine,aknowledgeofchemistry,andofsomebranchesofnaturalhistor½and,indeed,ofseveralotherdepartmentsofscience,affordsusefulassistance.SomeofthemostvaluablenameswhichadornthehistoryofEnglishsciencehavebeenconnectedwiththisprofession.InEngland,theprofessionofthelawisthatwhichseemstoattractthemosttalent,fromthecircumstance,thatability,coupledwithexertion,cannotfailtoobtainreward.Itisfrequentlychosenasanintroductiontopubliclife.Italsopresentsgreatadvantages,fromitsbeingaqualificationformanysituationsmoreorlessremotelyconnectedwithit,aswellasfromthecircumstancethatseveralofthehighestofficersofthestatemustnecessarilyhavesprungfromitsranks.F-Apowerfulattractionexists,therefore,tothepromotionofastudyandofdutiesofallothersengrossingthetimemostcompletely,andwhichislessbenefitedthanmostothersbyanyacquaintancewithscience.Thisisoneofthecauseswhyitsoveryrarelyhappensthatmeninpublicsituationsareatallconversantevenwiththecommonestbranchesofscientificknowledge,andwhyscarcelyaninstancecanbecitedofsuchpersonsacquiringareputationforanydiscoveriesoftheirown.But,howeverconsistentothersciencesmaybewithprofessionalavocations,thereisonewhich,fromitsextremedifficulty,andtheoverwhelmingattentionwhichitdemands,canonlybepursuedwithsuccessbythosewhoseleisureisundisturbedbyotherclaims.Tobewellacquaintedwiththepresentstateofmathematics,isnoeasytask;buttoaddtothepowersthatsciencepossesses,islikelytobethelotofbutfewEnglishphilosophers.Source:REFLECTIONSONTHEDECLINEOFSCIENCEINENGLANDBYCHARLESBABBAGEQuestions14-17Dothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeclaimsofthewriterinpassage2?YesifthestatementagreesWiththeclaimsofthewriterNoifthestatementcontradictstheclaimsofthewriterNotGivenifitisimpossibletosaywhatthewriterthinksaboutthis14. Membersofthesameprofessionstronglysupporteachother15. Peoplegenerallydonotknowifascientistisanexpertornot.16. Lawyersearnmorethanscientists.17. Mathematicsisarelativelyeasysubjecttomaster.Questions18-22ChooseNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSfrompassage2foreachanswer.18. Thereasonthatmostpeoplechooseaprofessionisbecausetheywanttobe19. MostEnglishjobapplicantsinthefieldofsciencearechosenorfromcandidateswhohavestudiedothersubjects.20. arethetwomainfactorsthatcontributetoalawyer/ssuccess.21. Itisrarethatmenknowanythingaboutthemostpopularfieldsofscience.22. Peoplewhostudymathematicscanonlybesuccessfuliftheirfreetimebyotherdistractions.Questions23-27Passage2hassixparagraphslabelledA-F.Whichparagraphscontainthefollowinginformation?23. Howpeople'sviewsofprofessionsareformed.24. Theprofessionofscienceindifferentnations.25. Scienceandotherprofessions.26. Hownegativecommentsaboutcolleaguesaredealtwith.27. Selectingaprofessionthatwillleadtootheropportunities.PaSSaHe3TOOLSFORTAXIDERMY*Ta×idermy-theartofpreparing,stuffingandmountingtheskinsofanimalsWithalifelikeeffect.A-ABADworkman,itissaid,alwaysblameshistools.Ifthisisso,itisequallycertainthatagoodworkman,alwaysprefersthebestandmostlabour-savingtoolshecanbuy.Thechiefpointofdifference,however;betweentheskilledandunskilledworkmans,thattheformermayandoftendoesgetthebestresultswiththefewestpossibletools,whiletheothermustsurroundhimselfwithdozensofunnecessarythingsbeforehecandoastrokeofwork.Thisbeingso,Iproposetopointouttomyreadersinafewwords,andbymeansofdrawings,howverfewtoolsarerequiredtoskinandsetupabirdorsmallanimalfortaxidermy.Myremarkswill,therefore,beaddressedasmuchtotheamateurastothenovicewhoaspirestobecomeaprofessional;infact,IwishittobeunderstoodthatIwriteasmuchtoeducatetheoneastheother.B-Thefirstandmostessentialtoolistheknife.Nearlyanysmallknifewilldotomakethefirstincision,butexperiencehasshownthemostusefulshapeistheskinningknife.Thebladeislongandnarrow,3to4inchesalongthecuttingedge,andhalfaninchacross.Thehandle,whichshouldbeofbox,lignumvitaezoranyhardwoodsusceptibleofahighpolish,is3.5inchesinlength,exclusiveofahalf-inchbrassferrule.Theshapeshownisthemostcomfortableandhandiesttoworkwith.Thetoolintendedforheavierworkisabroaderandstrongerknife,five-eighthsofaninchacross,havingasomewhatdifferentlyshapedhardwoodhandle.Theknifewhichisusefulfortherough,largeworkhasabroadstrongbladezoneinchacross,andofanentirelydifferentcharacter.Thisknifehasaperforatedtangztowhichtwohalfroundedpiecesofhardwoodshouldbebolted.Thelengthofthebladeandhandleis4incheseach.Ishouldpointouttomyreaderstheformeriscommonlyknowninthetradeasthecleaverknifeandthelatterastheflutingknife.C-Myreasonforhavingallofthesehandlesofpolishedhardwoodisthatbloodanddirtwillmoreeasilywashoff.Alloftheseknivesarebestpurchasedattheleathersellers',forthereasonsthat,first,theyarealwaysinstock;secondly,theyaremanufacturedofthefinestandtougheststeel;andthirdly,theyareinexpensive.Itisgenerallynotadvisabletopurchasetheseitemsinanironmonger's.Thequalityisnoticeablyinferiorandyouwillnodoubthavetogototheleathersellers/whenyouroriginalpurchaseshaveprovedtobeunfitforpurpose.Thehandles,however;areusuallyofsoftwood,unpolished,andneedtobereplacedatthewoodturner's.Thekniveswhenfirstpurchasedareabout4incheslongintheblade;forskinningIthinktheyarebettertousewhengroundorworndownto3or3.5inches.This,however;isamatterofindividualtaste.D-Thenextmostimportanttoolarethescissors,twopairsofwhichshouldbepurchased,onelongandfinepair;5.5or6incheslong,foruseinsmallanddelicateworkconnectedwithourfeatheredfriends,birds;theotherabout4incheslong,ofadifferentshapeandmuchstouterandstronger.Theseareusedforgeneralworkuponlargerbirds.Forevenheavierworkconnectedwithfowlandespeciallywithbirdsofprey,Ipreferapairofsmallspringshears,6to7incheslong,similartothoseusedforgrape-pruning.E-Areallyindispensableadjuncttothetaxidermist'skitisthecompoundorbell-hangers'pliers.Thesepliersarejustliketheordinaryholdingonesatthetop,buthaveacuttingplanefixedlowerdown(thosewithflat,notraised,cutters,aretobepreferred),butthegripshouldnotbequitesobroadastheyareusuallymade.From8to10inchesisthemostusefulsize.The10inchoneisratherlarge,butiszperhaps,thebestforprofessionalneeds.Alittlepairofpliersarenecessaryfordressingthehairorfurofmostanimalsthathavesuchcoats.Thesearealsousedbywatchmakers,areofneatconstructionanddifferfrommostpliersinthattheyhaveanobtuselyroundedpoint.These,whichIcall"featherpliers,"areinconjunctionwithasmallzthickzround,camel-hairbrush.F-The"stuffingiron"-'Whatonearthisastuffingiron?SIfancyIhearsomereaderexclaim-simplyput,itisalongrodofmetalusedforpokingthestuffinginsidetheanimalyouareworkingon.Itisbestmadefromthebrokensteelofawoolcomber's"devil,"aboutnineincheslong,fixedinahandleofaboutfourinches,。匚ifforlargemammalsztheironmaybemadefromabrokenfencingfoil,toanysizebetweentwelveandthirtyinches,withasuitablehandle.Ineithercase,thesmallestendisdrivenintothehandle,andthetopisfiledacrosswithasmoothnick,topushin,butnottoretainthetow.G-This,Iwouldpointouttothenon-professionalreader;isamuchmoresatisfactorywayofgettingthoroughlyefficienttoolsforyourtaxidermyneedsthangoingtotheexpe