2024剑桥雅思讲义Reading_Test_1.docx

ZQ国国PaSSage1TheLayersoftheSunConsidertheearth,themoon,andalltheotherplanetsinoursolarsystem.Thinkaboutthemassthatallthoseobjectsmusthavewhentheyarealladdedtogether.Counter-intuitively,addedalltogethertheyaccountforonly0.2%ofthetotalmassofthesolarsystem.Thesunmakesuptheremaining99.8%ofallthemassinthesolarsystem!Thesunisthecenterofthesolarsystemandthelargestobjectinthesolarsystem.OursunisastarthatprovideslightandheatandsupportsalmostalllifeonEarth.Thesunisasphere,butunliketheearthandthemoon,itisnotsolid.Mostatomsinthesunexistasplasma,orafourthstateofmattermadeupofsuperheatedgaswithanelectricalcharge.Oursunconsistsalmostentirelyoftheelementshydrogenandhelium,andbecausethesunisnotsolidzitdoesnothaveadefinedouterboundary.Itdoes,howevehaveadefiniteinternalstructure.Thereareseveralidentifiablelayersofthesun:Thecoreistheinnermostorcentrallayerofthesun.Thecoreisplasma,butmovessimilarlytoagas.Itstemperatureisaround27milliondegreesCelsius.Inthecore,nuclearreactionscombinehydrogenatomstoformhelium,releasingvastamountsofenergyintheprocess.Theenergyreleasedthenbeginstomoveoutward,towardstheouterlayersofthesun.Justoutsidethecoreistheradiativezone,whichhasatemperatureofabout7milliondegreesCelsius.Theenergyreleasedinthecoretravelsextremelyslowlythroughtheradiativezone.Particlesoflightcalledphotonscanonlytravelafewmillimetersbeforetheyhitanotherparticleinthesun,areabsorbedandthenreleasedagain.Itcantakeaphotonaslongas50millionyearstotravelallthewaythroughtheradiativezone.Surroundingtheradiativezoneistheconvectionzone.Here,hotmaterialfromnearthesun'scenterrises,coolsatthesurface,andthenplungesbackdownwardtoreceivemoreheatfromtheradiativezone.Thismovementhelpstocreatesolarflaresandsunspots.Thesefirstthreelayersmakeupwhatwewouldactuallycall"thesun".Thenextthreelayersmakeupthesun'satmosphere.Ofcourse,therearenosolidlayerstoanypartofthesun,sotheseboundariesarefuzzyandindistinct.Thevisiblesurfaceofthesunisknownasthephotosphere.Thisistheregionofthesunthatemitssunlight.It'salsooneofthecoolestlayersofthesunonlyabout6700oC.Lookingataphotographofthesun'ssurface,youcanseethatithasseveraldifferentcolors:oranges,yellowandreds,givingitagrainyappearance.Wecannotseethiswhenweglancequicklyatthesunasoureyescan'tfocusthatquicklyandthesunistoobrightforustolookatformorethanabriefmoment.Lookingatthesunforanylengthoftimecancauseblindness,sodon'ttryit!Sunlightisemittedfromthesun'sphotosphere.AfractionofthelightthattravelsfromthesunreachesEarth.Ittravelsaslightinarangeofwavelengths,includingvisiblelight,ultravioletandinfraredradiation.Visiblelightisallthelightwecanseewithoureyes.Wecan'tseeultravioletorinfraredradiation,buttheireffectscanQD国IELTSADVANTAGEstillbedetected.Forexample,sunburniscausedbyultravioletradiationwhenyouspendtoomuchtimeinthesun.Thechromosphereisthezoneabout2,000kilometersthickthatliesdirectlyabovethephotosphere.Thechromosphereisathinregionofthesun'satmospherethatglowsredasitisheatedbyenergyfromthephotosphere.Temperaturesinthechromosphererangefromabout4000oCtoabout10z000oC.Jetsofgasfireupthroughthechromosphereatspeedsupto72,000kilometersperhour,reachingheightsashighas10,000kilometers.Theoutermostlayerofthesun,andtheoutermostpartofitsatmosphere,iscalledthecorona.Itisthesun'shaloor"crown".Ithasatemperatureof2to5milliondegreesCelsiusandismuchhotterthanthevisiblesurfaceofthesun,orphotosphere.Thecoronaextendsmillionsofkilometersintospace.Ifyoueverhavethechancetoseeatotalsolareclipse,youwillbeabletoseethesun'scorona,shiningoutintospace.Toconclude,inthesun'score,nuclearfusionreactionsgenerateenergybyconvertinghydrogentohelium,andtherestofthesunisheatedbythemovementofthisenergyoutwardfromthecore.Lightenergyfromthesunisemittedfromthephotosphere,andittravelsthroughspace,andsomeofitreachestheearth.ThesunisthesourceofalmostalltheenergyonEarthandsunlightpowersphotosynthesis,aswellaswarmingandilluminatingourEarth.Adaptedfrom:https:en.wikibooks.ora/Wiki/HiahSChOOlEarthSCienCe/TheSUnQD国后Questions1-4LabelthediagrambelowWiththenamesofthelayersofthesun.ChooseNOMORETHANTWOWORDSfromthereadingpassageforeachanswer.Afteryou,vetriedthesequestions,checkyouranswerswiththefollowingvideo.Questions5-9CompleteeachsentencewiththecorrectendingA-Ifromtheboxbelow.WritethecorrectletterA-Iinboxes5-9onyouranswersheet.NBnotallletterswillbeused.S. Thevastmajorityofthetotalmassofthesolarsystemisaccountedforby.T. Thereisnofixedouteredge.U. Thecoreproducesenergywhich.O.Ourplanetonlyreceives.Q.Onekindoflightemittedbythesun,which.A.canbeseeninthephotosphere,isaformOfsuperheatedgas.V. isextremelyhotandusedtocreatehydrogen.W. isinvisibletohumanszcandamageourskin.X. movesataveryslowpacethroughtheareasurroundingit.Y. asmallproportionofthelightwhichthesunemits.Z. sunspots,whicharethethirdlayerofthesunzsatmosphere.AA. thebiggestsingleobjectinthesolarsystem,whichisthesun.BB. theplanetsandtheirmoons.CC. tothesunduetothefactthatitismostlymadeofgasorplasma.Afteryou,vetriedthesequestions,checkyouranswerswiththefollowingvideo.Questions10-14Dothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationprovidedinpassage1?TrueifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationFalseifthestatementcontradictstheinformationNotGivenifthereisnoinformationonthis10. Theinteriorofthesuniscomposedofamixtureofonlytwoelements.11. Themovementofmatterbackandforthbetweentheradiativezoneandtheareathatsurroundsitgivesrisetosurfacefeatureslikesolarflares.12. Ifapersonweretostareatthesunforalongtime(whileusingequipmenttoprotecttheeyes),theywouldbeabletoseethatmostofthesurfaceofthesunisnotyellow.13. Lighttravelsfasterthroughthechromospherethanitdoesthroughtheradiativezone.14. Nearlyalltheenergyonourplanetisproducedoriginallybymeansofanuclearreaction.Afteryou,vetriedthesequestions,checkyouranswerswiththefollowingvideo.国IELTSADVANTAGEPaSSaRe2TheChangingLandscapeofOceaniaSectionA-ThehumansettlementofOceania,fromtheearliestmigrationstoEuropeancolonization,hasreshapedthephysicallandscapeofthisregion.Environmentaldegradation-disturbancestoresourceslikeair;land,andwater-isaseriousconcernaseconomicgrowthoftencomesattheexpenseofenvironmentalsustainability.InAustralia,forexample,widestretchesofpreviouslysparselyinhabitedOutbackhavebecomegrazinglands.InPapuaNewGuineaillegallogginghascontributedtosignificantdeforestation.PollutionfromdairyinginNewZealandhasledtohighlevelsofwaterpollution.SectionB-Invasivespecieshavealsohadsignificantenvironmentalimpactsinaregionthathasbeenotherwiserelativelyisolated.Australiahasadoptedasystemofstrictquarantineinanattempttolimitdamagefromnon-nativeplantsandanimals.Thecountrycurrentlyspendsaround$4billionyearlyininvasiveweedmanagementalone.CatshavebeenbannedinpartsofNewZealandwheretheyposeathreattolocalbirdspecies.RatsbroughtbyearlyEuropeanshipshavepresentedasignificantproblemformanyislandsofthePacific,wheretheykillotherplantsandanimalsandalsospreaddisease.Offshore,invasivefishandalgaespecieshavedamagedfragileoceanecosystems.SectionC-Inadditiontolocalpollutionconcerns,humansettlementofotherworldregionshascontributedtopollutioninthePacificOcean.Worldwide,therearefivemainoceangyres,largesystemsofrotatingoceancurrents.InthenorthernPacificOcean,onegyrehasveryhighconcentrationsoftrashandplasticscarriedtotheareabyoceancurrents.IthasbeentermedtheGreatPacificgarbagepatch.Whenyouthrowsomethingzzawayz,improperly,thesegyresarereallywhere"away"is.AwaterbottleimproperlydisposedofonthewesterncoastofNorthAmericawillmakeitswaytotheGreatPacificgarbagepatchinaroundsixyears.SectionD-Oneissuewithplasticsisthattheydon/tbiodegradezandinsteadkeepbreakingdownintosmallerpieceswhilestillremainingplastic.Fishandothermarinelifeeatthesetinybitsofplasticzwhichcandisruptanumberofbiologicalsystems.Someofthesefishspeciesarethenconsumedbyhumans.BecausetheGreatPacificgarbagepatchcontainssuchsmallpiecesofplastic,andmostoftheplasticisbelowthesurfaceoftheocean,itisnoteasilyvisiblewiththenakedeyeanditisdifficulttoestimateitssize.SomehavetheorizedthepatchisasbigasorbiggerthantheUSstateofTexas,whileothersnotethattheideaofa“patch“ofgarbageisreallyamisnomerasthereareconcentrationsoftrashthroughouttheworld/soceans.SectionE-TrashfromotherworldregionsalsowashesupalongtheshoresofthePacificislands.KamiloBeachinHawaiiisthesiteofasignificantamountofplasticthathaswashedashorefromtheGreatPacificgarbagepatch,somuchsothattheareahasbeennicknamedzzPIasticBeach”.Thoughtheshorelinelookssandy,90percentofitisactuallybitsofplasticandyouwouldhavetodigdownatleastonefoottoreachgrainsofsand.PlastictrashlittersmanyoftheshorelinesofthePacificislands,presentingahazardformarinelifeandamanagementandcleanupchallengesincedebrisoftencomesfromthousandsofmilesaway.SectionF-Itischangesinglobalclimate,howevethatposethemostsevereenvironmentalthreattoOceania.Formanyoftheworld'sregions,changesinclimateareviewedashypothetical.Hurricanesmightincreaseinintensity.Theriskoffiremightincrease.ChangesinbirdmigrationsinEuropeandNorthAmericatoshiftsinglobalfishstockshavealreadybeenlinkedtoincreasesinglobaltemperaturebutwithlittledirecteffectonthehumanpopulationsoftheseregions.InOceania,though,smallincreasesintemperatureandoceanlevelscouldhavedisastrouseffectsonalreadyfragileecosystemsandeconomies.TheGreatBarrierReefiscurrentlyexperiencingperiodsofcoralbleachingduetoincreasingoceantemperatures.Whenwatersgettoowarm,coralexperience“stress“andexpeltheCoIorfULalgae-likeorganismsthatlivewithinthem.Masscoralbleachinghasoccurredseveraltimessincethelate1990sandisexpectedtobecomearegularoccurrenceasoceantemperaturescontinuetorise.CoralbleachinghasalsobeendocumentedinotherreefszincludingonesinHawaii.SomeoftheleadersofthePacificislandshavebeenamongthemostvocalchampionsforglobalclimateregulations.Speakingin2015,theprimeministerofFiji,FrankBainimaramadidnotmincewords:"Unlesstheworldactsdecisivelyinthecomingweekstobeginaddressingthegreatestchallengeofourage,thenthePacific,asweknowit,isdoomed/Fijihasalreadyexperiencedanincreaseininfectiousdiseasesrelatedtohighertemperatures,record-breakinghightides,andhashadtorelocatecitizensduetorisingoceanlevels.TherisingoceansinthePacificandtheconcentrationsofpollutionfoundinthisregionarestarkremindersofourinterconnectedworld.Inmanyways,thefutureofOceaniawillbedecidedbytheactionsofglobalcitizensandleaders.Source:https:SOeiellSCi.libretexts.orq/BOokSheIVeS/Geography(HUman)/Book%3AVvbReqiOnalGeoqraphy(FinIaySon)10%3AOCeCmicl10.05%3ATheChemqinqLCmdSCeIPBOfOCeCmielQuestions15-19ChooseNOMORETHANTWOWORDSAND/ORANUMBERfromthepassagetoanswerthequestionsbelow.15. Accordingtothearticle,whatenvironmentalproblemhasbeencausedbythedairyindustryinNewZealand?16. WhatmeasurehasbeenintroducedinAustraliatoreduceproblemscausedbyforeignanimalsandvegetation?17. ApproximatelyhowlongdoesittakeforapieceofplasticrubbishtoreachtheGreatPacificgarbagepatchfromthewestcoastoftheUSA?18. WhatproportionofKamiloBeachiscomprisedofplastic?19. WhatproblemisaffectingcoralreefsinHawaii?Afteryou,vetriedthesequestions,checkyouranswerswiththefollowingvideo.Questions20-24Passage2hassixsectionslabelledA-FChoosethecorrectheadingsforSectionsB-F.ListofHeadingsi. Beachgarbagefromfarawayii. Fishconsumptioniii. HowpollutionfromoutsideOceaniareachestheregioniv. Hypothesizingchangev. Theeffectofhumanmigrationontheregionvi. Theextentoftheplasticproblemvii. TheimpactofforeignwildlifeonOceaniaviii. Theseriousdangerposedbyclimatechangei×.ThespreadofTexanpollutionE.g.SectionA-v20. SectionB21. SectionC22. SectionD23. SectionE24. SectionFAfteryou,vetriedthesequestions,checkyouranswerswiththefollowingvideo.Questions25-27ChoosetheappropriatelettersA,B,CorDWriteyouranswersinboxes25-27onyouranswersheet.25. Accordingtothetext,theGreatPacificgarbagepatchA. canbeseentoconsistmostlyofplastic.B. isknowntobenearlyaslargeasTexas.C. isofanunknownsize.D. isbelievedbysometostretchtoalltheworld'soceans.26. CoralA. changetheirbehaviourasaresultofexposuretoacertainamountofheat.B. experiencedmassbleachingregularlypriortothe1990s.C. haveundergonethemostseveredamageinHawaii.D. existintheGreatBarrierReefduetoincreasingtemperatures.27. InFiji,A. diseaseshavemeantthatmanypeoplehaveneededtorelocate.B. highersealevelshaveledtofoodshortages.C. somecitizenshavebeenmovedtootherlocationsduetoincreasingsealevels.D. mostdiseasesinvolvefeverasaprincipalsymptom.Afteryou,vetriedthesequestions,checkyouranswerswiththefollowingvideo.Q国IELTSADVANTAGEPaSSaRe3SpanishExplorationandConquestA-TheSpanishestablishedthefirstEuropeansettlementsintheAmericas,beginningintheCaribbeanand,by1600,extendingthroughoutCentralandSouthAmerica.ThousandsofpeopleflockedfromSpaintotheAmericasseekingwealthandstatus.ThemostfamousoftheseadventurersareChristopherColumbus(who,thoughItalianhimself,exploredonbehalfoftheSpanishmonarchs),HernanCortes,andFranciscoPizarro.B-ThehistoryofSpanishexplorationbeginswiththehistoryofSpainitself.Duringthefifteenthcentury,Spainhopedtogainadvantageoveritsrival,Portugal.ThemarriageofFerdinandofAragonandIsabellaofCastilein1469unifiedCatholicSpainandbegantheprocessofbuildinganationthatcouldcompeteforworldwidepower.In1492ztheycompletedtheReconquista:thecenturies-longChristianconquestoftheIberianPeninsula.TheReconquistamarkedanotherstepforwardintheprocessofmakingSpainanimperialpower;andFerdinandandIsabellawerenowreadytolookfurtherafield.C-TheirgoalsweretoexpandCatholicismandtogainacommercialadvantageoverPortugal.Tothoseends,FerdinandandIsabellasponsoredextensiveAtlanticexploration.Spain'smostfamousexplorer,ChristopherColumbus,wasactuallyfromGenoazItaly.Hebelievedthat,usingcalculationsbasedonothermariners'journeys,hecouldchartawestwardroutetoIndiazwhichcouldbeusedtoexpandEuropeantradeandspreadChristianity.Startingin1485zheapproachedGenoese,Venetian,Portuguese,English,andSpanishmonarchs,askingforshipsandfundingtoexplorethiswestwardroute.AllthosehepetitionedincludingFerdinandandIsabellaatfirstrebuffedhim;theirnauticalexpertsallconcurredthatColumbus'sestimatesofthewidthoftheAtlanticOceanwerefartoolow.Howevecafterthreeyearsofentreaties,and,moreimportantly,thecompletionoftheReconquista,FerdinandandIsabellaagreedtofinanceColumbus'sexpeditionin1492zsupplyinghimwiththreeships:theNina,thePinta,andtheSantaMaria.TheSpanishmonarchsknewthatPortuguesemarinershadreachedthesoutherntipofAfricaandsailedtheIndianOcean.TheyunderstoodthatthePortuguesewouldsoonreachAsiaand,inthiscompetitiveracetoreachtheFarEast,theSpanishrulersdecidedtoact.D-Columbushelderroneousviewsthatshapedhisthinkingaboutwhathewouldencounterashesailedwest.Hebelievedtheearthtobemuchsmallerthanitsactualsizeand,sincehedidnotknowoftheexistenceoftheAmericas,hefullyexpectedtolandinAsia.OnOctober12,1492zhowever,hemadelandfallonanislandintheBahamas.HethensailedtoanislandhenamedHispaniola(present-dayDominicanRepublicandHaiti).BelievinghehadlandedintheEastIndies,ColumbuscalledthenativeTainoshefoundthere“Indios,“givingrisetotheterm“