2024剑桥雅思讲义Multiple_Choice 1.docx

PaSSaRe2TheChangingLandscapeofOceaniaSectionA-ThehumansettlementofOceania,fromtheearliestmigrationstoEuropeancolonization,hasreshapedthephysicallandscapeofthisregion.Environmentaldegradation-disturbancestoresourceslikeair;land,andwater-isaseriousconcernaseconomicgrowthoftencomesattheexpenseofenvironmentalsustainability.InAustralia,forexample,widestretchesofpreviouslysparselyinhabitedOutbackhavebecomegrazinglands.InPapuaNewGuineaillegallogginghascontributedtosignificantdeforestation.PollutionfromdairyinginNewZealandhasledtohighlevelsofwaterpollution.SectionB-Invasivespecieshavealsohadsignificantenvironmentalimpactsinaregionthathasbeenotherwiserelativelyisolated.Australiahasadoptedasystemofstrictquarantineinanattempttolimitdamagefromnon-nativeplantsandanimals.Thecountrycurrentlyspendsaround$4billionyearlyininvasiveweedmanagementalone.CatshavebeenbannedinpartsofNewZealandwheretheyposeathreattolocalbirdspecies.RatsbroughtbyearlyEuropeanshipshavepresentedasignificantproblemformanyislandsofthePacific,wheretheykillotherplantsandanimalsandalsospreaddisease.Offshore,invasivefishandalgaespecieshavedamagedfragileoceanecosystems.SectionC-Inadditiontolocalpollutionconcerns,humansettlementofotherworldregionshascontributedtopollutioninthePacificOcean.Worldwide,therearefivemainoceangyres,largesystemsofrotatingoceancurrents.InthenorthernPacificOcean,onegyrehasveryhighconcentrationsoftrashandplasticscarriedtotheareabyoceancurrents.IthasbeentermedtheGreatPacificgarbagepatch.Whenyouthrowsomethingzzawayz,improperly,thesegyresarereallywhere"away"is.AwaterbottleimproperlydisposedofonthewesterncoastofNorthAmericawillmakeitswaytotheGreatPacificgarbagepatchinaroundsixyears.SectionD-Oneissuewithplasticsisthattheydon/tbiodegradezandinsteadkeepbreakingdownintosmallerpieceswhilestillremainingplastic.Fishandothermarinelifeeatthesetinybitsofplasticzwhichcandisruptanumberofbiologicalsystems.Someofthesefishspeciesarethenconsumedbyhumans.BecausetheGreatPacificgarbagepatchcontainssuchsmallpiecesofplastic,andmostoftheplasticisbelowthesurfaceoftheocean,itisnoteasilyvisiblewiththenakedeyeanditisdifficulttoestimateitssize.SomehavetheorizedthepatchisasbigasorbiggerthantheUSstateofTexas,whileothersnotethattheideaofa“patch“ofgarbageisreallyamisnomerasthereareconcentrationsoftrashthroughouttheworld/soceans.SectionE-TrashfromotherworldregionsalsowashesupalongtheshoresofthePacificislands.KamiloBeachinHawaiiisthesiteofasignificantamountofplasticthathaswashedashorefromtheGreatPacificgarbagepatch,somuchsothattheareahasbeennicknamedzzPIasticBeach”.Thoughtheshorelinelookssandy,90percentofitisactuallybitsofplasticandyouwouldhavetodigdownatleastonefoottoreachgrainsofsand.PlastictrashlittersmanyoftheshorelinesofthePacificislands,presentingahazardformarinelifeandamanagementandcleanupchallengesincedebrisoftencomesfromthousandsofmilesaway.QD国IELTSADVANTAGESectionF-Itischangesinglobalclimate,howevecthatposethemostsevereenvironmentalthreattoOceania.Formanyoftheworld'sregions,changesinclimateareviewedashypothetical.Hurricanesmightincreaseinintensity.Theriskoffiremightincrease.ChangesinbirdmigrationsinEuropeandNorthAmericatoshiftsinglobalfishstockshavealreadybeenlinkedtoincreasesinglobaltemperaturebutwithlittledirecteffectonthehumanpopulationsoftheseregions.InOceania,though,smallincreasesintemperatureandoceanlevelscouldhavedisastrouseffectsonalreadyfragileecosystemsandeconomies.TheGreatBarrierReefiscurrentlyexperiencingperiodsofcoralbleachingduetoincreasingoceantemperatures.Whenwatersgettoowarm,coralexperience“stress“andexpelthecolorful,algae-likeorganismsthatlivewithinthem.Masscoralbleachinghasoccurredseveraltimessincethelate1990sandisexpectedtobecomearegularoccurrenceasoceantemperaturescontinuetorise.Coralbleachinghasalsobeendocumentedinotherreefs,includingonesinHawaii.SomeoftheleadersofthePacificislandshavebeenamongthemostvocalchampionsforglobalclimateregulations.Speakingin2015ztheprimeministerofFiji,FrankBainimaramadidnotmincewords:"Unlesstheworldactsdecisivelyinthecomingweekstobeginaddressingthegreatestchallengeofourage,thenthePacific,asWeknowit,isdoomed/Fijihasalreadyexperiencedanincreaseininfectiousdiseasesrelatedtohighertemperatures,record-breakinghightides,andhashadtorelocatecitizensduetorisingoceanlevels.TherisingoceansinthePacificandtheconcentrationsofpollutionfoundinthisregionarestarkremindersofourinterconnectedworld.Inmanyways,thefutureofOceaniawillbedecidedbytheactionsofglobalcitizensandleaders.Source:https:SOCiClISCi.libretexts.orq/BOOkShelVeS/Geoaraphy(HUmCm)/Book%3AWoddReqiOnalGeOCJrMy(FinlaySOn)10%3AOCeaniCl10.05%3ATheChCmqinqLCmdSCaPeOfOCeemiaQuestions25-27ChoosetheappropriatelettersA,B,CorDWriteyouranswersinboxes25-27onyouranswersheet.25. Accordingtothetext,theGreatPacificgarbagepatchA. canbeseentoconsistmostlyofplastic.B. isknowntobenearlyaslargeasTexas.C. isofanunknownsize.D. isbelievedbysometostretchtoalltheworld'soceans.26. CoralA. changetheirbehaviourasaresultofexposuretoacertainamountofheat.B. experiencedmassbleachingregularlypriortothe1990s.C. haveundergonethemostseveredamageinHawaii.D. existintheGreatBarrierReefduetoincreasingtemperatures.27. InFiji,A. diseaseshavemeantthatmanypeoplehaveneededtorelocate.B. highersealevelshaveledtofoodshortages.C. somecitizenshavebeenmovedtootherlocationsduetoincreasingsealevels.D. mostdiseasesinvolvefeverasaprincipalsymptom.