2024剑桥雅思讲义Labelling_a_Diagram.docx

ZQ国田IELTSADVANTAGELabellingaDiagramPaSSaRe3TheGreatPyramidofGizaTheGreatPyramidofGiza(alsoknownasthePyramidofKhufuorthePyramidofCheops)istheoldestandlargestofthethreepyramidsintheGizapyramidcomplexborderingpresent-dayGizainGreaterCairo,Egypt.ItistheoldestoftheSevenWondersoftheAncientWorld,andtheonlyonetoremainlargelyintact.BasedonamarkinaninteriorchambernamingtheworkgangandareferencetotheFourthDynastyEgyptianpharaohKhufu,someEgyptologistsbelievethatthepyramidwasthusbuiltasatombovera10-to20-yearperiodconcludingaround2560BC,thoughtheevidenceisfarfromconclusiveonthis.Initiallystandingat146.5metres,theGreatPyramidwasthetallestman-madestructureintheworldformorethan3,800yearsuntilLincolnCathedralwasfinishedin1311AD.Originally,theGreatPyramidwascoveredbylimestonecasingstonesthatformedasmoothoutersurface,andinancienttimesitmusthavelookedlikeaspectacularsingleshinywhiteblockofstone;whatisseentodayistheunderlyingcorestructure.Someofthecasingstonesthatoncecoveredthestructurecanstillbeseenaroundthebase.Manyalternative,oftencontradictory,theorieshavebeenproposedregardingthepyramid'sconstructiontechniques.Manydisagreeonwhethertheblocksweredragged,lifted,orevenrolledintoplace.TheGreeksbelievedthatslavelabourwasused,butmoderndiscoveriesmadeatnearbyworkers'campsassociatedwithconstructionatGizasuggestthatitcouldhavebeenbuiltinsteadbytensofthousandsofskilledworkers.Vernerpositedthatthelabourwasorganizedintoahierarchy,consistingoftwogangsof100,000menzdividedintofivezaaorphyleof20,000meneach,whichmayhavebeenfurtherdividedaccordingtotheskillsoftheworkers.Onemysteryofthepyramid'sconstructionisitsplanning.JohnRomersuggeststhattheyusedthesamemethodthathadbeenusedforearlierandlaterconstructions,layingoutpartsoftheplanonthegroundata1-to-lscale.Hewritesthat"suchaworkingdiagramwouldalsoservetogeneratethearchitectureofthepyramidwithprecisionunmatchedbyanyothermeans".Healsoarguesfora14-yeartime-spanforitsconstruction.Amodernconstructionmanagementstudy,inassociationwithMarkLehnerandotherEgyptologists,estimatedthatthetotalprojectrequiredanaverageworkforceofabout14,500peopleandapeakworkforceofroughly40,000.Withouttheuseofpulleys,wheels,orirontools,theyusedcriticalpathanalysismethods,whichsuggestthattheGreatPyramidwascompletedfromstarttofinishinapproximately10years.TheoriginalentrancetotheGreatPyramidisonthenorthernside,17metresverticallyabovegroundleveland7.29metreseastofthecenterlineofthepyramid.Fromthisoriginalentrance,thereistheDescendingPassage0.96metreshighand1.04metreswide,whichgoesdownatanangleof26o31,23"throughthemasonryofthepyramidandthenintothebedrockbeneathit.After105.23metres,thepassagebecomeslevelandcontinuesforanadditional8.84metrestotheLowerChamber;whichappearsnottohavebeenfinished.Thereisacontinuationofthehorizontalpassageinthesouthwallofthelowerchamber;thereisalsoapitduginthefloorofthechamber.It,sQ国IELTSADVANTAGELabelling a DiagrampossiblethatthisLowerChamberwasintendedtobetheoriginalburialchamber;butPharaohKhufulaterchangedhismindandwantedittobehigherupinthepyramid.28.2metresfromtheentranceisasquareholeintheroofoftheDescendingPassage.Originallyconcealedwithaslabofstone,thisisthebeginningoftheAscendingPassage.TheAscendingPassageis39.3metreslong,aswideandhighastheDescendingPassage,andslopesupatalmostpreciselythesameangletoreachtheGrandGallery.AtthestartoftheGrandGalleryontheright-handsidethereisaholecutinthewall.ThisisthestartofaverticalshaftwhichfollowsanirregularpaththroughthemasonryofthepyramidtojointheDescendingPassage.AlsoatthestartoftheGrandGallerythereistheHorizontalPassageleadingtotheQueen'sChamber.Thepassageis1.1mhighformostofitslength,butnearthechamberthereisastepinthefloor;afterwhichthepassageis1.73metreshigh.AttheotherendoftheGrandGalleryisthenarrowtunnelthatisusedtoaccesstheKing'sChamber.Adaptedfrom:http5：en.wikipedia.orq/wiki/GreeItPyramidOfGizaWnteriorQuestions33-36LabeltheelementsofthediagramoftheGreatPyramidofGizausingwordsfromthebox.WestSouth1ANortEast4ZH国田IELTSADVANTAGELabellingaDiagramTheGreatPyramidAscendingPassageLowerChamberBedrockPitIrregularpathQueen/sChamberKing'sChamberVerticalshaft