2024剑桥雅思讲义Matching_Headings 1.docx

MatchingHeadingsPaSSaRe2TheChangingLandscapeofOceaniaSectionA-ThehumansettlementofOceania,fromtheearliestmigrationstoEuropeancolonization,hasreshapedthephysicallandscapeofthisregion.Environmentaldegradation-disturbancestoresourceslikeair;land,andwater-isaseriousconcernaseconomicgrowthoftencomesattheexpenseofenvironmentalsustainability.InAustralia,forexample,widestretchesofpreviouslysparselyinhabitedOutbackhavebecomegrazinglands.InPapuaNewGuineaillegallogginghascontributedtosignificantdeforestation.PollutionfromdairyinginNewZealandhasledtohighlevelsofwaterpollution.SectionB-Invasivespecieshavealsohadsignificantenvironmentalimpactsinaregionthathasbeenotherwiserelativelyisolated.Australiahasadoptedasystemofstrictquarantineinanattempttolimitdamagefromnon-nativeplantsandanimals.Thecountrycurrentlyspendsaround$4billionyearlyininvasiveweedmanagementalone.CatshavebeenbannedinpartsofNewZealandwheretheyposeathreattolocalbirdspecies.RatsbroughtbyearlyEuropeanshipshavepresentedasignificantproblemformanyislandsofthePacific,wheretheykillotherplantsandanimalsandalsospreaddisease.Offshore,invasivefishandalgaespecieshavedamagedfragileoceanecosystems.SectionC-Inadditiontolocalpollutionconcerns,humansettlementofotherworldregionshascontributedtopollutioninthePacificOcean.Worldwide,therearefivemainoceangyres,largesystemsofrotatingoceancurrents.InthenorthernPacificOcean,onegyrehasveryhighconcentrationsoftrashandplasticscarriedtotheareabyoceancurrents.IthasbeentermedtheGreatPacificgarbagepatch.Whenyouthrowsomethingzzawayz,improperly,thesegyresarereallywhere"away"is.AwaterbottleimproperlydisposedofonthewesterncoastofNorthAmericawillmakeitswaytotheGreatPacificgarbagepatchinaroundsixyears.SectionD-Oneissuewithplasticsisthattheydon/tbiodegradezandinsteadkeepbreakingdownintosmallerpieceswhilestillremainingplastic.Fishandothermarinelifeeatthesetinybitsofplasticzwhichcandisruptanumberofbiologicalsystems.Someofthesefishspeciesarethenconsumedbyhumans.BecausetheGreatPacificgarbagepatchcontainssuchsmallpiecesofplastic,andmostoftheplasticisbelowthesurfaceoftheocean,itisnoteasilyvisiblewiththenakedeyeanditisdifficulttoestimateitssize.SomehavetheorizedthepatchisasbigasorbiggerthantheUSstateofTexas,whileothersnotethattheideaofa“patch“ofgarbageisreallyamisnomerasthereareconcentrationsoftrashthroughouttheworld/soceans.SectionE-TrashfromotherworldregionsalsowashesupalongtheshoresofthePacificislands.KamiloBeachinHawaiiisthesiteofasignificantamountofplasticthathaswashedashorefromtheGreatPacificgarbagepatch,somuchsothattheareahasbeennicknamedzzPIasticBeach”.Thoughtheshorelinelookssandy,90percentofitisactuallybitsofplasticandyouwouldhavetodigdownatleastonefoottoreachgrainsofsand.PlastictrashlittersmanyoftheshorelinesofthePacificislands,presentingahazardformarinelifeandamanagementandcleanupchallengesincedebrisoftencomesfromthousandsofmilesaway.QD国IELTSADVANTAGEMatching HeadingsSectionF-Itischangesinglobalclimate,howevethatposethemostsevereenvironmentalthreattoOceania.Formanyoftheworld'sregions,changesinclimateareviewedashypothetical.Hurricanesmightincreaseinintensity.Theriskoffiremightincrease.ChangesinbirdmigrationsinEuropeandNorthAmericatoshiftsinglobalfishstockshavealreadybeenlinkedtoincreasesinglobaltemperaturebutwithlittledirecteffectonthehumanpopulationsoftheseregions.InOceania,though,smallincreasesintemperatureandoceanlevelscouldhavedisastrouseffectsonalreadyfragileecosystemsandeconomies.TheGreatBarrierReefiscurrentlyexperiencingperiodsofcoralbleachingduetoincreasingoceantemperatures.Whenwatersgettoowarm,coralexperience“stress“andexpeltheCoIorfULalgae-likeorganismsthatlivewithinthem.Masscoralbleachinghasoccurredseveraltimessincethelate1990sandisexpectedtobecomearegularoccurrenceasoceantemperaturescontinuetorise.CoralbleachinghasalsobeendocumentedinotherreefszincludingonesinHawaii.SomeoftheleadersofthePacificislandshavebeenamongthemostvocalchampionsforglobalclimateregulations.Speakingin2015,theprimeministerofFiji,FrankBainimaramadidnotmincewords:"Unlesstheworldactsdecisivelyinthecomingweekstobeginaddressingthegreatestchallengeofourage,thenthePacific,asweknowit,isdoomed/Fijihasalreadyexperiencedanincreaseininfectiousdiseasesrelatedtohighertemperatures,record-breakinghightides,andhashadtorelocatecitizensduetorisingoceanlevels.TherisingoceansinthePacificandtheconcentrationsofpollutionfoundinthisregionarestarkremindersofourinterconnectedworld.Inmanyways,thefutureofOceaniawillbedecidedbytheactionsofglobalcitizensandleaders.Source:https:SOeiellSCi.libretexts.orq/BOokSheIVeS/Geography(HUman)/Book%3AVvbReqiOnalGeoqraphy(FinIaySon)10%3AOCeCmicl10.05%3ATheChemqinqLCmdSCeIPBOfOCeCmielMatchingHeadingsQuestions20-24Passage2hassixsectionslabelledA-FChoosethecorrectheadingsforSectionsB-F.ListofHeadingsi. Beachgarbagefromfarawayii. Fishconsumptioniii. HowpollutionfromoutsideOceaniareachestheregioniv. Hypothesizingchangev. Theeffectofhumanmigrationontheregionvi. Theextentoftheplasticproblemvii. TheimpactofforeignwildlifeonOceaniaviii. Theseriousdangerposedbyclimatechangei×.ThespreadofTexanpollutionE.g.SectionA-v20. SectionB21. SectionC22. SectionD23. SectionE24. SectionF