2024剑桥雅思讲义Multiple-Choice_Practice_Questions_1.docx

IELTSADVANTAGEMultiple-ChoicePracticeQuestionsChoosethecorrectletter,A,B,orC1. InAmerica,dewateredstreamsAareactuallyquitecommon.Bprovidehabitatforawidevarietyoflife.Cnolongerexist.2. InMontanainthelate1800s,Awaterwasscarcefortheearliestsettlers.Btherewasinitiallyplentyofwaterfortheearliestsettlers.Cmoststreamshadalreadybeendewatered.3. In1921,Montana,sSupremeCourtAruledthatnobodyhadwaterrights.Bgaveseniorwaterrightstothosewhohadsettledfirst.Crefusedtoissuearulingonwaterrights.4. OneunintendedresultofMontana,s1921SupremeCourtrulingonPricklyCreekwasthatAtherearenowclaimsformorewaterthanwaterthatactuallyexists.Btherewasmorethanenoughwaterforeveryone.Citcompletelydriedup.5. AnotherunintendedresultofMontana's1921rulingperPricklyCreekwasthatAeveryonewasforcedtoshareitswaterequally.Bthosewhoweregivenseniorrightstoitswaterhadnoreasontouseitwisely.Cthosewhousedtoomuchofitswaterwerepunished.6. TheproductionofbeergenerallyAdoesn'trequireintensiveuseofwater.Bhasn,thadaneffectonwatersources.Cinvolveswastinglargeamountsofwater.7. Recentwaterstewardshipeffortshavenotjustfocusedonmeasuringanddecreasingwateruse,butAeliminatingwateruse.Bharshlypunishingthosewhousetoomuchwater.Crestorationofwaterbackintostreams.8. UnlikeinMontana,incertainstates,Awaterrightsholderslosetheirrightsiftheydon'tusethem.Bwaterrightsownerscanconservewaterandmaintaintheirrights.Cwaterrightsownershavegoodeconomicreasonstoprotectfish.9. Thismarket-drivenapproachhasAgivenwaterusersaneconomicincentivetoconservewaterandrestoreittostreams.Bresultedinincreasingnumbersoflawsuits.Ccauseddegradationofecosystems.10. VarioustransactionsstemmingfromthisapproachhaveAdividedpeople.Bbroughtpeopletogether.IELTSADVANTAGEMultiple-ChoicePracticeQuestionsCbeenineffectiveinrestoringwatertoecosystems.IELTSADVANTAGEMultiple-ChoicePracticeQuestionsAnswerKey:1. A2. B3. B4. A5. B6. C7. C8. B9. A10. BLinktovideotutorial:https:ShaiTranSCriPtSOUrCe:https:WWWThisisariver.Thisisastream.Thisisariver.Thisishappeningalloverthecountry.TherearetensofthousandsofmilesofdewateredstreamsintheUnitedStates.Onthismap,thecoloredareasrepresentwaterconflicts.SimilarproblemsareemergingintheEastaswell.Thereasonsvarystatetostate,butmostlyinthedetails.Thereare4,000milesofdewateredstreamsinMontanaalone.Theywouldordinarilysupportfishandotherwildlife.They'retheveinsoftheecosystem,andthey'reoftenemptyveins.Iwanttotellyouthestoryofjustoneofthesestreams,becauseit'sanarchetypeforthelargerstory.ThisisPricklyPearCreek.ItrunsthroughapopulatedareafromEastHelenatoLakeHelena.Itsupportswildfishincludingcutthroat,brownandrainbowtrout.Nearlyeveryyearformorethanahundredyears.itlookedlikethisinthesummer.Howdidwegethere?Well,itstartedbackinthelate1800swhenpeoplestartedsettlinginplaceslikeMontana.Inshort,therewasalotofwaterandthereweren'tverymanypeople.Butasmorepeopleshowedupwantingwater,thefolkswhoweretherefirstgotalittleconcerned,andin1865,Montanapasseditsfirstwaterlaw.Itbasicallysaid,everybodynearthestreamcanshareinthestream.Oddly,alotofpeopleshowedupwantingtosharethestream,andthefolkswhoweretherefirstgotconcernedenoughtobringouttheirlawyers.Therewereprecedent-settingsuitsin1870and1872,bothinvolvingPricklyPearCreek.Andin1921,theMontanaSupremeCourtruledinacaseinvolvingPricklyPearthatthefolkswhoweretherefirsthadthefirst,or"seniorwaterrights.*'Theseseniorwaterrightsarekey.TheproblemisthatallovertheWestnowitlookslikethis.Someofthesecreekshaveclaimsfor50to100timesmorewaterthanisactuallyinthestream.Andtheseniorwaterrightsholders,iftheydon'tusetheirwaterright,theyrisklosingtheirwaterright-alongwiththeeconomicvaluethatgoeswithit.So,theyhavenoincentivetoconserve.So,it'snotjustaboutthenumberofpeople;thesystemitselfcreatesadisincentivetoconservebecauseyoucanloseyourwaterrightifyoudon'tuseit.So,afterdecadesoflawsuitsand140years,now,ofexperience,westillhavethis.It,sabrokensystem.There'sadisincentivetoQ 国的 IELTSADVANTAGEMultiple-Choice Practice Questionsconserve,becauseifyoudon'tuseyourwaterright,youcanloseyourwaterright.Andmsureyouallknow,thishascreatedsignificantconflictsbetweentheagriculturalandenvironmentalcommunities.OK,nowmgoingtochangegearshere.MostofyouW川behappytoknowthattherestofthepresentation'sfree.Andsomeofyou'llbehappytoknowthatitinvolvesbeer.There'sanotherthinghappeningaroundthecountry,whichisthatcompaniesarestartingtogetconcernedabouttheirwaterfootprint.They'reconcernedaboutsecuringanadequatesupplyofwater,they'retryingtobereallyefficientwiththeirwateruse,andthey'reconcernedabouthowtheirwateruseaffectstheimageoftheirbrand.Well,it'sanationalproblem,butmgoingtotellyouanotherstoryfromMontana.anditinvolvesbeer.Ibetyoudidn'tknow,ittakesabout5pintsofwatertomakeapintofbeer.Ifyouincludeallthedrain,ittakesmorethanahundredpintsofwatertomakeapintofbeer.NowthebrewersinMontanahavealreadydonealottoreducetheirwaterconsumption,buttheystillusemillionsofgallonsofwater.Imean,there'swaterinbeer.So,whatcantheydoaboutthisremainingwaterfootprintthatcanhaveseriouseffectsontheecosystem?TheseecosystemsarereallyimportanttotheMontanabrewersandtheircustomers.Afterall,there'sastrongcorrelationbetweenwaterandfishing,andforsome,there'sastrongcorrelationbetweenfishingandbeer.So,theMontanabrewersandtheircustomersareconcernedandthey'relookingforsomewaytoaddresstheproblem.Sohowcantheyaddressthisremainingwaterfootprint?RememberPricklyPear.Upuntilnow,businesswaterstewardshiphasbeenlimitedtomeasuringandreducing,andwe'resuggestingthatthenextstepistorestore.RememberPricklyPear.It'sabrokensystem.You'vegotadisincentivetoconserve,becauseifyoudon'tuseyourwaterright,yourisklosingyourwaterright.Well,wedecidedtoconnectthesetwoworlds-theworldofthecompanieswiththeirwaterfootprintsandtheworldofthefarmerswiththeirseniorwaterrightsonthesecreeks.Insomestates,seniorwaterrightsholderscanleavetheirwaterinthestreamwhilelegallyprotectingitfromothers,andmaintainingtheirwaterright.Afterall,itistheirwaterright,andiftheywanttousethatwaterrighttohelpthefishgrowinthestream,it'stheirrighttodoso.Buttheyhavenoincentivetodoso.So,workingwithlocalwatertrusts,wecreatedanincentivetodoso.Wepaythemtoleavetheirwaterinstream.That'swhat'shappeninghere.Thisindividualhasmadethechoiceandisclosingthiswaterdiversion,leavingthewaterinthestream.Hedoesn'tlosethewaterright,hejustchoosestoapplythatright,orsomeportionofit,tothestream,insteadoftotheland.Becausehe'stheseniorwater-rightsholder,hecanprotectthewaterfromotherusersinthestream.OK?Hegetspaidtoleavethewaterinthestream.Thisguy'smeasuringthewaterthatthisleavesinthestream.Wethentakethemeasuredwater,wedivideitintothousand-gallonincrements.Eachincrementgetsaserialnumberandacertificate,andthenthebrewersandothersbuythosecertificatesasawaytoreturnwatertothesedegradedecosystems.Thebrewerspaytorestorewatertothestream.Itprovidesasimple,inexpensiveandmeasurablewaytoreturnwatertothesedegradedIELTSADVANTAGEMultiple-ChoicePracticeQuestionsecosystems,whilegivingfarmersaneconomicchoiceandgivingbusinessesconcernedabouttheirwaterfootprintsaneasywaytodealwiththem.After140yearsofconflictand100yearsofdrystreams,acircumstancethatlitigationandregulationhasnotsolved,weputtogetheramarket-based,willingbuyer,willingsellersolution-asolutionthatdoesnotrequirelitigation.It'saboutgivingfolksconcernedabouttheirwaterfootprintsarealopportunitytoputwaterwhereit,scriticallyneeded,intothesedegradedecosystems,whileatthesametimeprovidingfarmersameaningfuleconomicchoiceabouthowtheirwaterisused.Thesetransactionscreateallies,notenemies.Theyconnectpeopleratherthandividingthem.Andtheyprovideneededeconomicsupportforruralcommunities.Andmostimportantly,it'sworking.We'vereturnedmorethanfourbilliongallonsofwatertodegradedecosystems.We,veconnectedseniorwater-rightsholderswithbrewersinMontana,withhotelsandteacompaniesinOregon,andwithhigh-techcompaniesthatusealotofwaterintheSouthwest.Andwhenwemaketheseconnections,wecanandwedoturnthis.intothis.