语法复习十二非谓语动词一——动词不定式.docx

语法复习十二：非谓语动词（一）-动词不定式动词不定式、分词（现在分词，过去分词）和动名词统称为非谓语动词。现代英语将现在分词和动名词合为一大类叫作V+ing形式。这些动词的形式不能在句中单独作谓语用，因而没有语法主语。但可以有逻辑主语。由于没有语法主语，也就不受人称和数的限定，因为不是谓语，也就没有时态和语态，但这些词仍能表示动作和状态，所以仍有表示与其他动词相对时间关系的形式。由于与其它词有逻辑上的主谓关系，因此也有表示主、被动的形式，同时也有自己的宾语和状语，一起构成非谓语动词的短语（动词不定式短语，分词短语，动名词短语）。非谓语动词在英语语法中占有特殊且重要的位置。非谓语动词形式多样，应用广泛，且在句中起着很活跃的作用，也是语法项目中的重点和难点，学好非谓语动词，才能正确进行口语和书面的交流。动词不定式、过去分词及v-ing形式在句中均不能作谓语用，所以叫做非谓语动词。（一）动词不定式：动词不定式由"to+动词原形"构成，如：tostudy,toplay,动词不定式虽然不能作谓语动词用，但仍留着动词的特征，它可以带有所需要的宾语或状语而构成动词不定式短语，如：tostudyhard,toplaytabletennis»1,动词不定式的形式变化：动词不定式有下列时态和语态的形式变化语态式-般式完成式进行式完成进行式主动tobuildtohavebuilttobebuildingtohavebeenbuilding被动tobebuildtohavebeenbuild2、动词不定式的基本用法：动词不定式能起名词、形容词和副词的作用，可在句中作主语表语、宾语补足语、定语和状语用，如：（1）作主语：TOhelPeaChoIheriSgOod.（动词不定式作主语时，一般可用il作形式主语，而将作主语的动词不定式置于句末，如：IIiSgOOdlOheIPeaChOther.（2）作表语：Myjobistodrivethemtothepowerstationeveryday.动词不定式在系动词be之后作表语，与表示将来时的be+动词不定式结构有所区别，如：OUrPlaniStOSetUPanOthermiddleschoolforthePCaSants，Chikiren.我们的计划是给农民子弟再成立一所中学。（句中的谓语动词为is,动词不定式tosetup为表语，主语为PIan,但Plan并不是动词不定式的逻辑主语，即动词不定式tosetUP所表示的动作不是主语Plan产生的。）WearetosetupanothermiddleschoolforthePeaSantchildren.我们将为农民的子弟再成立一所中学。（句中的aretosetup整个结构为句中谓语，主语为we,同时也是动词不定式tusetup所表示的动作的逻辑主语，即动词不定式tosetup所表示的动作是由we产生的）。（3）作宾语：作及物动词的宾语，如：Shewishestobeamusician.；作某些形容词的宾语：可以有动词不定式为宾语的形容词一般有glad,sorry,afraid,pleased,determined,willing,eager,anxious,ready,sure,如：IamdeternlinedtogiVeUPSmOking.；动词不定式一般不作介词的宾语，但动词不定式之前如有疑问词时，就可作介词的宾语，如：Canyougiveussomeadviceonwhattodonext?（4）作宾语补足语，如：Tellthechildrennottoplayonthestreet.如果句中的谓语动词为see,hear,watch,notice,have»make,let等，作宾语补足语的动词不定式须将to省去，如：Isawalittlegirlrunacrossthestreet.（5）动词不定式在句中作宾语，如带有宾语补足语时，须先用it作形式宾语，而将该动词不定式后置，如：Idon'tthinkitrighttodoitthatway.（6）作定语：动词不定式作定语时，须位于被其修饰的名词或代词之后，11:Isthisthebestwaytohelphim?和定语用的动词不定式如果是不及物动词，不定式后面就要用必要的介词，如：Heisthemantodependon.如果被不定式修饰的名词为place,time,way,不定式后面的介词，习惯上可以省去，如：Theoldmanislookingforaquietplacetolive.（7）作状语：动词不定式可以作下列的状语：目的状语：EverymorninghegetsupveryearlytoreadEnglish.为了强调不定式表示目的的作用，可在不定式前加inorderto或SoaSto（以便或为了），但应注意inorderIo位于句首或句中均可，而SoaStO不能位于句首，如：ShereadsChinaDailyeverydayinorderto（soasto）improveherEnglish.将表示目的的不定式置于句首，也可强调目的的作用，如：TOmasteraforeignlanguage,onemustworkhardatit.结果状语：Theylivedtoseetheliberationoftheirhometown.他们活至U亲眼见到了他们家乡的解放。too+形容词或副词+动词不定式，表示"足能"的结果，如：Youareoldenoughtotakecareofyourselfnow.3、复合结构不定式：由for+名词（或代词宾格）+动词不定式即构成复合结构的动词不定式。其中for本身无意义。for后面的名词或代词是不定式的逻辑主语，这种不定式在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语或状语，如：Itisveryimportantforustogeteverythingreadyfortheharvest.当作表语用的形容词表示不定式的逻辑主语的性质或特征时，就用介词of而不用for引出不定式的逻辑主语，这些形容词一般有good,nice,kind,wise,silly,stupid,foolish,right,wrong,careless,impolite等，如：Itisverykindofyoutohelphimeveryday.4、疑问词+动词不定式：疑问代词和疑问副词后可加动词不定式构成不定式短语，在句中可作主语、表语或宾语，如：Howtopreventthemfromswimminginthisriverisaproblem.5、动词不定式的否定式：动词不定式的否定式是由not+动词不定式构成，如：IrSWrOngOfyounottoattendthemeeting.6、动词不定式的时态形式所表示的时间关系：（1）一般式：动词不定式一般式所表示的动作是和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,但在多数情况下，是在谓语动词所表示的动作之后发生，如：Wedecidedtoplantmoretreesthisspring.（其后），Theyoftenwatchusplaytabletennis.（同时（2）完成式:动词不定式完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前,如：1amsorrytohavekeptyouwaiting.（3）进行式：动词不定式进行式所表示的动作正在进行中，而且与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,如:ShehappenedtobewritingaletterintheroomwhenIcamein.7、动词不定式的被动语态用法：如果动词不定式的逻辑主语为这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般就用被动语态形式，如：Whatistobedonenexthasn,tbeendecidedyet.练习、非谓语动词（一）1.-Canyourideahorse?-No,Ineverhadthechance.A.forlearningitB.forlearninghowC.howtolearnitD.tolearnhow2. Paulsaid,nGivemeachair.”A.tositB.SitC.sitonD.tositon3. IrantoofastwhereIwasgoing.A.tonoticeB.fbrmetonoticeC.tonoticeformeD.andnotice4. -Haveyouenjoyedyourvisithere?-Yes,I'11beverysorry.A.forleavingB.ofleavingC.toleaveD.withleaving5. -llhelpyouwheneveryouneedme.-Good.dlikemetomorrow.A.youhelpingB.thatyouwillhelpC.youtohelpD.thatyouhelp6. Ididn'thearyoucomeinlastnight.Thal,sgood.Wetriednoisy.A.notbeB.nottobeC.tobenotD.tonotbe7. Becauseofairpollutionbeinggreatlyreduced,thiscityisstill.A. a good place which to be lived inC. a good place to live in8 .-Why was the official meeting called?B. lived as a good placeD. living in as a good placeA. Select9 .-一Where did he go?A. to buy pencilsB. Selectingnew officers.C. To selectD. For selectingHe went to another store.B. for buying pencils C. buy pencils10 .-My baby has a heart trouble.-Did the doctor find it difcultD. buying pencils9A. in treatingB. treating11.Did the judge ask you many questions?A. (hey were difficult to be answeredC. they were difficult to answer12. That beggar seems anything yesterday.A. not to have eaten B. not to eatC. for treatingYes, andD. to treat8. to answer them was to be difficultD. they had difficulty in answeringC. didn't eatD. to not have eaten13. The lost child desired nothing buthome.A, go14.That box isB. to goC. goingD. wentA. too heavy for me to carryC. so heavy for me to carryB. too heavy for me to carry it D. very heavy for me to carry15. Would you beA. so kind asto do me a favour, please?.B. too kindD. enough kind16. Tb Ieam to speak English well, A. much practice is needed C. much practice is needed by one17. Tbm kept quiet about the accident 8. one needs much practiceD. one is needed much practice lose his job.A. so not as toB. so as not to18. Last summer I took a course on.A. how to make dressesC. how to be made dresses19. The house is not large enough.A. to live inB. to be lived in20. Nobody likes.A. to speak ill of B. to be spoken ill ofC. so as to notD. not so as toB. how dresses be madeD. how dresses to be madeC. to liveD. for livingC. speaking ill of D. spoken ill of21.1 knowhimagoodfootballplayerwhileincollege.D. had beenA.tohavebeenB.tobeC.was2 2.1wassurprised.A.watchinghimtoeatsoquicklyB.watchhimeatsoquicklyC.watchinghimeatsoquicklyD.towatchhimeatsoquickly23 .Mr.WhitewasseenthePalaceMuseum.A.enterB.toenterC.enteredD.toentering24.1sawMarythehouse.A.openthedoorandgointoB.toopenthedoorandtogointoC.openthedoorandtogointoD.openthedoorandwentinto25.Pauldoesnothingbutalldaylong.A.playB.toplayC.playingD.played26.Nowwecouldnotdoanythingbutforhimhere.A.waitedB.waitingC.towaitD.wait27.1don,tknowherandIdon't.A.wantB.wanttoC.wantitD.towant28.Gotothetheatrewithme,willyou?-1shouldlike_,butIdon'thavetime.A.toB.tooCtodoD.togoto29.Tbplayfairisasimportantas.A.toplaywellB.playwellC.weplaywellD.playingwell30.ItisthegreatesthappinessonearthA.lovingandtobelovedB.toloveandbeinglovedC.toloveandtobelovedD.loveandbeloved31.isbettertolovethan.A.That,tobelovedB.That,belovedC.It,belovedD.It,tobeloved32.It'sveryfoolishit?A.foryoutosayB.ofyoutosayC.withyousayingD.inyoursaying33.Itmetwohourstofindyournewhouse.A.costB.tookC.spentD.used34.Wedidnotexpectouroffersoquickly.A.rejectedB.toreject.C.toberejectedD.rejecting35.Hetoldherthereatonce.A.getB.getsC.shouldgetD.toget36.Weallthinkitmostfoolishthismistake.A.foryoumakingB.ofyoutomakeC.youtomakeD.foryoutomake37.1reallydon'tknow.A.toswimB.howtoswimC.toswimhowD.howswim38.-WhatdoyouthinkaboutEnglish?-It,sadifficultlanguage.A.speakingB.tobespokenC.tospeakD.spoken语法复习十二：非谓语动词(二)-动词-ing形式(二)-ing形式：动词的-ing形式也是一种非谓语动词。-ing形式仍保留有动词的特征，可以带有其所需要的宾语或状语而构成-ing短语。1、-ing的形式：-ing有一般式和完成式。及物动词的-ing还有主动语态和被动语态，而不及物动词的-ing则没有被动语态。现在以及物动词make和不及物动词go为例，将其ing各种形式列表如下：动词语态形式及物动词make不及物动词go主动语态被动语态主动语态一般式makingbeingmadegoing完成式havingmadehavingbeenmadehavinggone2、-ing形式的基本用法(1)作主语：Seeingisbelieving.百闻不如一见QTalkingiseasierthandoing,-ing作主语时，如果其结构较长，可用it作形式主语,而将作主语的ing后置。如：Itisn'tmuchgoodwritingtothemagain.It,snousewaitinghere.2) )作表语：Herjobiswashingandcooking.Myhobbyiscollectingstamps.(3)作宾语：作及物动词的宾语。Shelikesdrawingverymuch.；作某些短语动词的宾语。MaryisthinkingofgoingbacktoNewYork.：du+限定词(my,some,any.the等)+ing,表示“做事"之意，如：WeoftendoourcleaningonSaturdayafternoon.WillyoudoanyshoppingonSaturdaythisafternoon?作介词的宾语:Hersisterisgoodatlearningphysics.；作形容词worth,busy等的宾语：Thisbookiswellworthreading,-ing作宾语带有宾语补足语时，要用it作为形式宾语,而将作宾语的-ing后置，如：Wefounditnogoodtalkinglikethat.Doyouthinkitnecessarytryingagain?(4)作定语：Thesleepingchildisonlyfiveyearsold.Doyouknowthemanstandingatthegate?注：-ing形式作定语用时，如果-ing只是一个单词，就位于其修饰的名词之前，如果是-ing短语,就位于其修饰的名词之后，-ing作定语时，被.ing所修饰的名词就是该.ing的逻辑主语。另外，ing作定语用时，其动作和句子谓语动词所表示的动作是同时进行的，如果不是同时进行的，就不能用-ing作定语，要使用定语从句，如：ThegirlwhowrotealetterthereyesterdaycanspeakEnglishverywell.(5)作宾语补足语：Wecanseesteamrisingfromthewetclothes.注：当ing在复合宾语中作宾语补足语用时，句中宾语就是这个-ing的逻辑主语，可以带有这种复合宾语的动词有see,watchthear,observe,feel,find,have,keep等。(6)作状语：时间状语：SeeingTom,Icouldn,thelpthinkingofhisbrother.分词在句中作时间状语时，其前一般可加when或while,如：Whencrossingstreet,youmustbecareful.原因状语：Beingill,hedidn,tgotoschoolyesterday方式或伴随状语:MarystoodattheschoolgatewaitingforBetty.3、主动语态-ing完成式的基本用法。主动语态-ing完成式所表词所表示的动作之前，一般在句中作时间或原因状语用。句中的主语是它的逻辑主语，并且是它所表示的动作的执行者，如：Havingansweredtheletter,shewentontoreadanEnglishnovel.4,被动语态-ing般式的基本用法。被动语态-ing一般式所表示的动作是一个正在进行中的被动动作，而且这个被动动作也是和句中谓语所表示的动作同时发生的。它一般在句中作定语或状语用。如：Thetruckbeingrepairedthereisours.5,被动语态-ing完成式的基本用法。被动语态-ing完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，在句中一般作状语用。如：Havingbeenshownthelab,weweretakentoseethelibrary.6) -ing形式的复合结构。在-ing前加物主代词或名词所有格即构成-ing的复合结构。其中的物主代词或名词所有格为-ing的逻辑主语。这种结构在句中可作主语、宾语或表语，如：YourSmOkinganddrinkingtOOmUChWiIldoharmtoyoUrheaIth.但在口语中，这种结构如作宾语用，其中的物主代词常用人称代词的宾格，名词的所有格常用名词的普通格代替，如：SheinsistedonPeter's(orPeter)goingtherefirst.7、-ing形式与动词不定式在句中作主语、表语、宾语时的区别。一般说来，表示一个比较抽象或泛指的动作时多用-ing形式。表示一个具体某一次的动作时，多用动词不定式，:Ourjobismakingsteel.Shelikesplayingthepiano,butshedoesn'twanttoplayittoday.8、-ing形式与动词不定式在句中作定语的区别。-ing形式作定语用时，其动作一般与句中谓语动词所表示的动词同时发生，而动词不定式作定语时，其动作一般发生在句中谓语动词所表示的动作之后。如：ThegirlwritingalettertherecanspeakEnglishverywell./Ihavethreeletterstowrite.9、-ing形式与动词不定式在作宾语补足语时的区别。(1)不定式作宾补时，其动作一般发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后，如：Ihavetoldthemtocomeagaintomorrow.(2)在see,watch,hear,feel等之后，如果用.ing形式作宾补，表示其动作正在进行中，而用不带to的不定式作宾补时，不定式所表示的动作是一个动作的过程，如：IhearhersingingintheHX)m.我听见她正在屋里唱歌QIhearhersingintheroom.我听见她在屋里唱过歌。10) .ing形式与动词不定式在句中作状语的区别。ing形式在句作状语表示时间、原因、方式或伴随情况,而动词不定式一般式在句中作状语时,一般是作目的或结果状语,如:Notreceivinghisletter,Iwrotetohimagain./1lookedintothewindowtoseewhatwasgoingoninside.练习、非谓语动词(二)1. Aliensaidthathistripwas.A.interestedB.interestC.interestingD.ofinterest2. Wecan,tunderstandadecisionuntilitistoolate.A. him to postpone to makeC. him to postpone makingB. his postponing to make D. his postponing making3.1couldn'tunderstandatthepoorchild.A.youtolaughB.youlaugh(C.whylaughD.youlaughing4.It,snousewithhim.Youmightaswellwithastonewall.A.arguing,argueB.toargue,arguingC.arguing,arguingD.toargue,argue5.Itisnogood_today'sworkfortomorrow.A.toleaveB.leavingC.thatyouleaveD.leave6.Theoldman'spityonIheSnakeledtohisOWndeath.A.takeB.takingC.beingtakenD.have7.It,sverykind_yousayso.A.of,toB.forttoC.to,toD.of,/8.Somepeople,sgreatestpleasureis.A.fishingB.tofishC.tobefishD.beingfishing9.Rememberthebook,whenyouhavefinishedit.A.puttingbackB.havingputback(二.toputbackD.willputback10.Youdidn'thearuscomebacklastnight.That'sgood.Wetriednoisy.A.tonotbeB.nottobeC.beingnotD.notbeing11.Thoughhefailed,hetrieditagainandagain.A.todoB.doingC.doDjdone.12.You,llregretthosewords.Youmayhurtherfeelings.A.sayB.tosayC.havingsaidD.tohavesaid13.YoucankeepthebookuntilyouA.havefinishedreadingB.finishtoreadC.willfinishreadingD.havefinishedtoread14.Wearelkingforwardto_anotherchanceitagain.A.begiven,totryB.give,totry.C.giving,tryingD.having,totry15.Mostofthestudentsenjoy_stamps.A.collectB.tocollectC.collectingD.collected16.Excusemeforinwithout.A.coming,askingB.coming,beingaskedC.tocome,askingD.tocome,beingasked17.Peoplecouldn'thelp_thefoolishgirl.A.laughatB.tolaughatC.laughingatD.laughing:18.,rWhatdoyouthinkofthebook?",Oh.excellent,it,sworth_asecondtime."A.toreadB.tobereadC.readingD.beingread19.,Iusuallygotherebytrain.1'"Whynotbyboatforachange?,A.totrygoingB.tryingtogoC.totryandgoD.trygoing20.1wastooexcited.A.speakB.tospeakC.nottospeakD.speaking21. CharlesBabbageisgenerallyconsideredthefirstcomputer.A.toinventB.inventingC.tohaveinventedD.havinginvented22. Itisnousetocomenow.Heisbusy.A.askhimB.toaskhimC.thatyouaskhimD.askinghim23. Themurderwasbroughtin,withhishandsbehindhisback.A.beingtiedB.havingtiedC.tobetiedD.tied24. MrsSmithwarnedherdaughterafterdrinking.A.nevertodriveB.toneverdriveC.neverdrivingD.neverdrive.25. Thecomputercentre,lastyearisverypopularamongthestudentsinthisschool.A.openB.openingC.havingopened26.Dovouknowthebovunderthebigtree?D.opened.A.layB.lainC.layingD.lying27. MostoftheartiststothepartywerefromSouthAfrica.A.invitedB.toinviteC.beinginvitedD.hadbeeninvited28. Englishisalanguageinmanycountries.A.spokenB.speakingC.bespokenD.tospeak29. "Canyouread?"Marysaidtothenotice.A.angrily,pointingB.andpointangrilyC.angrily,pointedD.andangrilypointing30. TherewasaterriblenoisethesuddenburstofTight.A.followedB.followingC.tobefollowedD.beingfollowed31. moreattention,thetreescouldhavegrownbetter.A.GivenB.TogiveC.GivingD.Havinggiven32. theirstudents,thefamousteachercameintothehall.A.FollowedB.FollowedbyC.BeingfollowedD.Havingbeenfollowed33. Yourflatneeds.Wouldyoulikemeitforyou?A.toclean,todoB.cleaning,doingC.cleaning,todoD.tobecleaned,doing34. Doesyournewsecretaryshorthand?A.knowtotakeB.knowhowtotakeC.knowhowtakeD.knowhowtaking35. Tommyhadhisbigbrotherhisshoesforhim.A.totieB.tieC.tiedD.tying36. Wouldyoupleasewriteonthetextbooks?A.don'tB.nottoC.notD.tonot37. dtheoperationunlessitisabsolutelynecessary.A.rathernothaveB.rathernottohaveC.notratherhadD.rathernothaving38. YourmotherandIarelookingforwardyou.A.ofseeingB.forseeingC.toseeD.toseeing39. Thegirlcouldn'thowredhisfacewas.A.helptonoticeB.behelpingtonoticeC.behelpingnoticingD.helpnoticing40.Excuseme,butitistimetohaveyourtemperature.A.takingB.totakeC.takeD.taken语法复习十二：非谓语动词(三)-过去分词(三)过去分词：1、过去分词的基本用法：过去分词只有一种形式，也没有主动语态，它所表示的动作是一个被动的或是己完成的动作。过去分词在句中也可用作定语、表语、宾语或状语等成分。过去分词在句中作某种成分时，其逻辑主语-般为该分词所表示的动作的承受者，如：(1)作定语：过去分词作定语时，如果这个分词是一个单词，就位于其修饰的名词之前，如果是分词短语，就位于其修饰的名词之后。被过去分词所修饰的名词，就是该分词的逻辑主语,如：Thestolencarwasfoundbythepolicelastweek.(2)作表语：过去分词作表语时，表示其逻辑主语所处的状态，其逻辑主语就是句中的主语，如：ThegIaSSiSbrOken.这个玻璃杯是破的。注：过去分词作表语时，和动词的被动语态结构相似，但两者表达的意义不同，如：ThCgIaSSWaSbrokCnbymyIittlCbrothCr.这个玻璃杯是被我小弟弟打破的。作表语用的过去分词在许多词典中己列为形容词，如：crowded,devoted,discouraged,done,dressed,drunk,experienced,frightened,gone,hurt,interested,killed,known,learned,lost,pleased,satisfie