晶硅太阳能电池组件—背板材料 产品技术 原材料 测试方法及质量问题.docx

ChemicaltreatmentofcrystallinesiliconsolarcellsasamethodofrecoveringpuresiliconfromphotovoltaicmodulesRenewableEnergyPhotovoltaictechnologyisusedworldwidetoprovidereliableandcost-effectiveelectricityforindustrial,commercial,residentialandcommunityapplications.TheaveragelifetimeofPVmodulescanbeexpectedtobemorethan25years.ThedisposalofPVsystemswillbemeaprobleminviewofthecontinuallyincreasingproductionOfPVmodules.Thesecanberecycledforaboutthesamecostastheirdisposal.Photovoltaicmodulesincrystallinesiliconsolarcellsaremadefromthefollowingelements,inorderofmass:glass,aluminiumframe,EVAcopolymertransparenthermetisinglayer,photovoltaiccells,installationbox,TedlaGprotectivefoilandassemblybolts.Fromaneconomicpointofview,takingintoaountthepriceandsupplylevel,puresilicon,whichcanberecycledfromPVcells,isthemostvaluableconstructionmaterialused.Recoveringpuresiliconfromdamagedorend-of-lifePVmodulescanleadtoeconomicandenvironmentalbenefits.Becauseofthehighqualityrequirementfortherecoveredsilicon,chemicalprocessingisthemostimportantstageoftherecyclingprocess.Thechemicaltreatmentconditionsneedtobepreciselyadjustedinordertoachievetherequiredpurityleveloftherecoveredsilicon.ForPVsystemsbasedoncrystallinesilicon,aseriesofetchingprocesseswascarriedoutasfollows:etchingofelectricconnectors,anti-reflectivecoatingandn-pjunction.Thechemistryofetchingsolutionswasindividuallyadjustedforthedifferentsiliconcelltypes.Effortsweremadetoformulateauniversalcompositionfortheetchingsolution.Theprincipaltaskatthispointwastooptimisetheetchingtemperature,timeandalkaliconcentrationinsuchawaythatonlyasmuchsiliconwasremovedasnecessary.Engineering,institutions,andthepublicinterest:EvaluatingproductqualityintheKenyansolarphotovoltaicsindustryEnergyPolicySolarsalesinKenyaareamongthehighestpercapitaamongdevelopingcountries.WhilethiscommercialsuccessmakestheKenyamarketagloballeader,productqualityproblemshavebeenapersistentconcern.Inthispaper,wereportperformancetestresultsfrom2004to2005forfivebrandsofamorphoussilicon(a-Si)photovoltaic(PV)modulessoldintheKenyamarket.Threeofthefivebrandsperformedwell,buttwoperformedwellbelowtheiradvertisedlevels.Theseresultssupportpreviousworkindicatingthathigh-qualitya-SiPVmodulesareagoodeconomicvalue.Thepresenceofthelowperformingbrands,however,confirmsaneedformarketinstitutionsthatensurethequalityofallproductssoldinthemarket.Priorworkfrom1999indicatedasimilarqualitypatternamongbrands.Thisconfirmsthepersistentnatureoftheproblem,andtheneedforvigilant,long-termapproachestoqualityassuranceforsolarmarketsinKenyaandelsewhere.Followingthereleaseofour2004/2005testresultsinKenya,theKenyaBureauofStandardsmovedtoimplementandenforceperformancestandardsforbothamorphousandcrystallinesiliconPVmodules.ThisappearstorepresentapositivesteptowardstheinstitutionalizationofqualityassuranceforproductsintheKenyasolarmarket.ElectricalperformanceresultsfromphysicalstresstestingofcommercialPVmodulestotheIEC61215testsequenceSolarEnergyMaterialsandSolarCellsThispaperpresentsstatisticalanalysisofthebehaviouroftheelectricalperformanceofcommercialcrystallinesiliconphotovoltaic(PV)modulestestedintheSolarTestInstallationoftheEuropeanCommission'sJointResearchCentrefrom1990upto2006totheIECStandard61215anditsdirectpredecessorCECSpecification503.Astrongcorrelationbetweendifferenttestresultswasnotobserved,indicatingthatthestandardisasetofdifferent,generallyindependentstressfactors.TheresultsconfirmtheappropriatenessofthetestingschemetorevealdifferentmoduledesignproblemsrelatedrathertotheproductionqualitycontrolthanmaterialweaknessincommercialPVmodules.EfficiencymodelforphotovoltaicmodulesanddemonstrationofitsapplicationtoenergyyieldestimationAnewmethodhasbeenproposedW.Durisch,K.H.Lam,J.Close,Behaviourofacopperindiumgalliumdiselenidemoduleunderrealoperatingconditions,in:ProceedingsoftheWorldRenewableEnergyCongressVII,PergamonPress,Oxford,Elsevier,Amsterdam,2002,ISBN0-08-044079-7forthecalculationoftheannualyieldofphotovoltaic(PV)modulesatselectedsites,usingsite-specificmeteorologicaldata.Theseyieldsareindispensableforcalculatingtheexpectedcostofelectricitygenerationfordifferentmodules,thusallowingthetypeofmoduletobeselectedwiththehighestyield-to-costratioforaspecificinstallationsite.Theefficiencymodeldevelopedandusedforcalculatingtheyieldstakesthreeindependentvariablesintoaccount:celltemperature,solarirradianceandrelativeairmass.Openparametersofthemodelforaselectedmoduleareobtainedfromcurrent/voltage(PvOcharacteristics,measuredoutdoorsatPaulScherrerInstitute'stestfacilityunderrealoperatingconditions.Fromthemodel,cellandmoduleefficienciescanbecalculatedunderallrelevantoperatingconditions.Yieldcalculationswereperformedforfivecommercialmodules(BPSolarBP585F,Kyocera1.A361K54S,Uni-SolarUPM-US-30,SiemensCISST40andWuerthWS11003)forasunnysiteinJordan(AlQawairah)forwhichreliablemeasuredmeteorologicaldataareavailable.Theserepresentmono-crystalline,poly-crystallineandamorphoussilinaswellaswithcopper-indium-diselenide1CulnSe2PVmodules.Theannualyieldforthesemoduleswillbepresentedanddiscussed.ExperimentalvalidationofcrystallinesiliconsolarcellsrecyclingbythermalandchemicalmethodsInrecentyears,photovoltaicpowergenerationsystemshavebeengainingunprecedentedattentionasanenvironmentallybeneficialmethodforsolvingtheenergyproblem.Fromtheeconomicpointofviewpuresilin,whichcanberecoveredfromspentcells,isthemostimportantmaterialowingtoitscostandlimitedsupply.Thearticlepresentsachemicalmethodforrecyclingspentordamagedmodulesandcells,andtheresultsofitsexperimentalvalidation.TherecyclingofPVcellsnsistsoftwomainsteps:theseparationofcellsandtheirrefinement.Cellsarefirstseparatedthermallyorchemically;theseparatedcellsarethenrefined.Duringthisprocesstheantireflection,metalcoatingandp-njunctionlayersareremovedinordertorecoverthesiliconbase,readyforitsnextuse.Thisrefinementstepwasperformedusinganoptimisedchemicalmethod.Siliconwaferswereexaminedwithanenvironmentalscanningelectronmicroscope(ESEM)coupledtoanEDXspectrometer.Thesiliconwaferswereusedforproducingnewsiliconsolarcells,whichwerethenexaminedandcharacterizedwithinternalspectralresponseandcurrent-voltagecharacteristics.Thenewcells,despitethefactthattheyhavenoSiNXantireflectivecoating,haveaverygoodefficiencyof13-15%.TheimpactofsiliconfeedstockonthePVmodulecostTheimpactoftheuseofnew(solargrade)siliconfeedstockmaterialsonthemanufacturingcostofwafer-basedcrystallinesiliconphotovoltaicmodulesisanalyzedconsideringeffectsOfmaterialst,efficiencyofutilisation,andquality.CalculationsbasedondataprovidedbyEuropeanindustrypartnersarepresentedforabaselinemanufacturingtechnologyandforfouradvancedwafersilintechnologieswichmaybereadyforindustrialimplementationinthenearfuture.Iso-costcurvesshowthetechnologyparametercombinationsthatyieldaconstanttotalmodulestforvaryingfeedstockcost,siliconutilisation,andcellefficiency.Alargevariationoffeedstockcostfordifferentproductionprocesses,fromnearsemiconductorgradeSi(30/kg)toupgradedmetallurgicalgradeSi(10/kg),changesthecostofcrystallinesiliconmodulesby11%forpresentmoduletechnologiesorby7%foradvancedtechnologies,ifthecellefficiencycanbemaintained.However,thiscostadvantageiscompletelylostifcellefficiencyisreduced,duetoqualitydegradation,byanabsolute1.7%forpresentmoduletechnologyorbyanabsolute1.3%foradvancedtechnologies.Thin-filmmonocrystalline-siliconsolarcellsmadebyaseedlayerapproachonglass-ceramicsubstratesSolarmodulesmadefromthin-filmcrystalline-siliconlayersofhighqualityonglasssubstratescouldlowerthepriceofphotovoltaicelectricitysubstantially.Onewaytocreatecrystalline-silinthinfilmsonnon-silicosubstratesistousetheso-calledt4seedlayerapproach",inwhichathincrystalline-siliconseedlayerisfirstcreated,followedbyepitaxialthickeningOfthisseedlayer.Inthispaper,wepresentthefirstsolarcellresultsobtainedon10-m-thickmonocrystalline-silicon(mono-Si)layersobtainedbyaseedlayerapproachontransparentglass-ceramicsubstrates.Theseedlayersweremadeusingimplant-inducedseparationandanodicbonding.TheselayerswerethenepitaxiallythickenedbythermalCVD.Simplesolarcellstructureswithoutintegratedlighttrappingfeaturesshowedefficienciesofupto7.5%.Comparedtopolycrystalline-siliconlayersmadebyaluminum-inducedcrystallizationofamorphoussilinandthermalCVD,themono-Silayershaveamuchhigherbulkdiffusionlifetime.Wavedglass:TowardsoptimallightdistributiononsolarcellsurfacesforhighefficientmodulesAmethodtoimprovethemoduleefficiencyofsolarcellsbymodifyingthesurfaceoftheglasscoverofthesolarcellsmoduleisproposed.Amodelisbuilttoshowthatabetterefficiencycanbeachievedbyoptimizingthelightdistributiononthecell,whichreducestheshadowlossesandtherebyallowsthefingerspacingtobedecreased,whichinturndecreasesthe(resistive)ohmiclosses.Thismethodisillustratedbyconsideringindustrialcrystallinesiliconsolarcellsasanexample,however,itappliestoallsolarcellsthatarecharacterizedbyametallizationpatternonthesurfaceofthesolarcell.Itisestimatedthatthismethodcanimprovetherelativemoduleefficiencybyabout5%andhalvethefrontsidelosses.Analysisofseriesresistanceofcrystallinesiliconsolarcellwithtwo-layerfrontmetallizationbasedonlight-inducedplatingImprovingthefrontmetallizationqualityofsiliconsolarcellsshouldbeakeytoenhancecellperformance.Inthiswork,weinvestigatedatwo-layermetallizationschemeinvolvinglight-inducedplating(LIP)andtriedtoquantifyitsimpactontheseriesresistanceofthefrontgridmetalsandFFsonfinishedcells.ToestimatetheeffectofLIPprocessingonaprintedandfiredseedlayer,individualcomponentsofseriesresistanceweremeasuredbeforeandafterLIPprocessing.Amongthem,gridresistanceandcontactresistancewerecloselyobservedbecauseoftheirlargecontributiontoseriesresistance.Tooptimizetheplatingontheseedmetalgrid,thegridresistanceofthetwo-layermetalgridstructurewascalculatedasafunctionofcrosssectionareaoftheplatedlayer.ContactresistivityofthegridbeforeandafterLIPprocessingwasanalyzedtounderstandthecontactresistancereduction,aswell.Asaresult,theefficiencyofsolarcellswith80mseedmetalgridwidthincreasedby0.3%absolutecomparedwithconventionalsolarcellsof120mmetalgridwidth.Thetotalareaofelectrodesinconventionalcellswas1800mm2andelectrodesareaOfLIPprocessedsolarcellswas1400mm2.Theefficiencygainwasduetoreductionofshadowinglossfrom7.7%to6.0%withouttheincreaseofresistanceduetotwo-layerfrontmetallization.SimulationofheterojunctionsiliconsolarcellswithAMPS-1DMono-andpoly-crystallinesiliconsolarcellmodulescurrentlyrepresentbetween80%and90%ofthePVworldmarket.Thereasonsarethestability,robustnessandreliabilityofthiskindofsolarcellsascomparedtothoseofemergingtechnologies.Then,inthemid-term,silinsolarcellswillcontinueplayinganimportantrolefortheirmassiveterrestrialapplication.Oneimportantapproachisthedevelopmentofsilinsolarcellsprocessedatlowtemperatures(lessthan300)bydepositingamorphoussiliconlayerswiththepurposeofpassivatingthesilinsurface,andavoidingthedegradationsufferedbysiliconwhenprocessedattemperaturesabove800.ThiskindofsolarcellsisknownasHITcells(hetero-junctionwithanintrinsicthinamorphouslayer)andarealreadyproducedcommercially(SanyoLtd.),reachingefficienciesabove20%.Inthiswork,HITsolarcellsaresimulatedbymeansofAMPS-1D,whichisaprogramdevelopedatPennsylvaniaStateUniversity.WeshalldiscussthemodificationsrequiredbyAMPS-1Dforsimulatingthiskindofstructuressincethisprogramexplicitlydoesnottakeintoacuntinterfaceswithhighinterfacialdensityofstatesasoccursatamorphous-crystallinesilinhetro-junctions.太阳能徒电池的软件仿真设计与制造MappingtheperformanceofPVmodules,effectsofmoduletypeanddataaveraging统计实验与数据收集处理：太阳能发电电池背板组件模块的效用与背板材料开发方向选取SolarEnergyAmethodispresentedforestimatingtheenergyyieldofphotovoltaic(PV)modulesatarbitrarylocationsinalargegeographicalarea.ThemethodappliesamathematicalmodelfortheenergyperformanceofPVmodulesasafunctionofin-planeirradianceandmoduletemperatureandcombinesthiswithsolarirradiationestimatesfromsatellitedataandambienttemperaturevaluesfromgroundstationmeasurements.ThemethodisappliedtothreedifferentPVtechnologies:crystallinesilicon,CulnSe2andCdTebasedthin-filmtechnologyinordertomaptheirperformanceinfixedinstallationsacrossmostofEuropeandtoidentifyandquantifyregionalperformancefactors.ItisfoundthatthereisacleartechnologydependenceofthegeographicalvariationinPVperformance.Itisalsoshownthatusinglong-termaveragevaluesofirradianceandtemperatureleadstoasystematicpositivebiasintheresultsofupto3%.Itissuggestedtousejointprobabilitydensityfunctionsoftemperatureandirradiancetoovercomethisbias.Outdoorperformanceevaluationofphotovoltaicmodulesusingcontourplots户外太阳能电池背板发电效果/转化率评估评价CurrentAppliedPhysicsTheimpactofenvironmentalparametersondifferenttypesofSi-basedphotovoltaic(PV)modules(singlecrystallineSi(sc-Si),amorphousSi(a-Si)anda-SimicrocrystallineSi(c-Si)whichhavedifferentspectralresponseswerecharacterizedusingcontourplots.ThecontourplotsofPVperformanceasafunctionofmoduletemperatureandspectralirradiancedistributionwerecreatedtoseparatetheimpactofthetwoenvironmentalparameters.Theperformanceofthesc-SiPVmodulewasdominatedbythemoduletemperaturewhilethoseofa-Sianda-Sic-Sionesweremainlyinfluencedbythespectralirradiancedistribution.Furthermore,thefrequencyofoutdoorconditionsandthereliabilityofthecontourplotsofthePVperformancewerediscussedfortheevaluationofPVmodulesbymeansofenergyproduction.最新应用物理学学报Solarphotovoltaicchargingoflithium-ionbatteries太阳能一一锂电池充电器PowerSourcesSolarphotovoltaic(PV)chargingofbatterieswastestedbyusinghighefficiencycrystallineandamorphoussiliconPVmodulestorechargelithium-ionbatterymodules.ThistestingwasperformedasaproofofconceptforsolarPVchargingofbatteriesforelectricallypoweredvehicles.Theironphosphatetypelithium-ionbatteriesweresafelychargedtotheirmaximumcapacityandthethermalhazardsassociatedwithoverchargingwereavoidedbytheself-regulatingdesignofthesolarchargingsystem.Thesolarenergytobatterychargeconversionefficiencyreached14.5%,includingaPVsystemefficiencyofnearly15%,andabatterychargingefficiencyofapproximately100%.ThishighsystemefficiencywasachievedbydirectlychargingthebatteryfromthePVsystemwithnointerveningelectronics,andmatchingthePVmaximumpowerpointvoltagetothebatterychargingvoltageatthedesiredmaximumstateofchargeforthebattery.Itisenvisionedthatindividualhomeownerscouldchargeelectricandextended-rangeelectricvehiclesfromresidential,roof-mountedsolararrays,andthuspowertheirdailycommutingwithclean,renewablesolarenergy.SelectiveablationwithUVlasersofa-Si:Hthinfilmsolarcellsindirectscribingconfiguration材料配比方案与实验选择配置方法AppliedSurfaceScience应用表面材料科学学报Monolithicalseriesconnectionofsiliconthin-filmsolarcellsmodulesperformedbylaserscribingplaysaveryimportantroleintheentireproductionofthesedevices.Inthecurrentlaserprocessinterconnectionthetwolaststepsaredevelopedforaconfigurationofmoduleswheretheglassisessentialastransparentsubstrate.Inaddition,thechangeofwavelengthintheemployedlasersourcesissometimesenforcedduetothenatureofthedifferentmaterialsofthemultilayerstructurewhichmakeupthedevice.Theaimofthisworkistocharacterizethelaserpatterninginvolvedinthemonolithicinterconnectionprocessinadifferen