语言学导论-第3章.ppt
Word Structure:Morphology,Morphology 形态学,The part of the grammar that is concerned with word formation and word structure.,Are words the smallest units?,Many words can be divided into smaller parts,E.g.:dogs walkingblackens playerdog-s walk-ingblack-en-s play-er the parts also occur in other words:Compare:cat-s;runn-ing;dark-en-s;eat-er,These smaller parts occur consistently with many words:-s:dogs,cats,the plural consistently-ing:walking,running,a noun from a verb-en:blacken,darken,a verb meaning become ADJ from an adjective ADJ-er:player,eater,an agentive nominal from a verb,a person or thing who does that activity,Basic Units,Phonology:phonemeMorphology:morpheme 词素Basic definition:A morpheme is a minimal unit of sound and meaning The smallest unit of language that carries meaning(maybe a word or not a word)A minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function,Connection:Sound&Meaning,A phoneme sometimes has more than one sound form,while being the same abstract unit/p/phoneme p ph allophones Morphemes?Allomorphs,In phonology allophones:the same phoneme,in particular contexts.In morphology allomorphs:the same morpheme,in particular contexts(what it is attached to),Morpheme&Allomorphs,Example:English plural Also moose:ox:,moose-ox-en,RegularIrregular,Morpheme:minimal unit of sound and meaningA further division:whether they can occur on their own or not:No:-s in dog-s;-ed in kick-ed;cran-in cran-berryYes:dog,kick,berry,Bound morpheme 黏着词素Free morpheme 自由词素,Bound&Free morpheme,In a complex word(two or more morphemes):teacher teach-er root affixRoot(stem,base):the basic or core morpheme.词干 词基Affix:the things added to the root.,Root&Affix 词根&词缀,Root(stem,base)词根:free E.g.teacher,dresses,unkindbound E.g.inept,unkempt,repeat(Note:receive,submit,permit,one morpheme),Affix 词缀:Prefix 前缀:unhappyInfix 中缀:absogoddamlutely(俚语 slangs)Suffix 后缀:happiness,Root&Affix,Free Morpheme 自由词素,Definition:can occur by itself,not attached to other morphemesE.g.:girl,teach,book,class,the,of,etc.A.lexical morpheme(open class)feature:has lexical meaning;new examples can be freely added e.g.:N,Verb,Adj,Adv(content words)B.functional morpheme(closed class)feature:new examples are rarely added(but not impossible to add)e.g.:Pro,Prep,Conj,Art.(function words),Open class 开放性词类,Closed class封闭性词类,Definition:must be attached to another morphemeBoy BoysBoy BoysBeauty BeautifulExpensive Inexpensive New word?,Bound Morpheme 黏着词素,Bound Morpheme 黏着词素,A.Derivational morpheme 派生词素to form new(different)words may change syntactic classE.g.:-able,-ex,un-,re-,-ness,etc.B.Inflectional morpheme 屈折词素no new word addednot change syntactic class to indicate the grammatical function E.g.:Only 8 kinds in English:N.:-s,-s(plural nouns),V.:-ing,-ed/-en,-s(S-V agreement)Adj./Adv.:-est,-er.,Exercises:,How are these forms related-Inflection or Derivation?,Exercises:p41,How are these forms related-Inflection or Derivation?,Exercises:,The farmers cows escaped.It was raining.Those socks are inexpensive.The strongest rower continued.The pitbull has bitten the cyclist.She quickly closed the book.The alphabetization went well.Jim needs the newer copy.,Classification of Morphemes,lexical free(open classes)Morphemes functional(closed classes)bound derivational inflectional,Whats the difference between“able”and“-able”?able(adj.in“Im able to do it”)-able(e.g.,“enjoyable”)able lexical(free)morpheme-able derivational morpheme,Word formation,Derivation 派生法Compounding 合成法Blending 拼缀法Clipping 截短法Acronyms 首字母缩略法Onomatopoeia 拟声Back formation 逆成法Borrowing 借用Coining 新造,2.Compounding 合成法,Complex words:rainy rainbow rain-y rain bow root+affix root+root,Derivation,Compounding,3.Reduplication 重叠词,full or partial repetition of a free morpheme;sometimes with variation so-so zigzag bye-bye dilly-dally hotchpotch mishmash 人人，天天，一点点，冷冰冰，来来往往，点点滴滴，,4.Blending 拼缀法,similar to compounding,but some parts of the free morphemes involved are lost 1st part of 1st word+end of 2nd worde.g.brunch breakfast+lunch smog smoke+fog motel motor+hotel,newscast news+broadcast telex teleprinter+exchange bit binary+digit Reaganomics Reagan+economics fantabulous fantastic+fabulous,5.Clipping 截短法,part of a free morpheme is cut off,i.e.,shortening a polysyllabic word;often in casual speech,e.g.,prof.math gas lab dormad bike fluLiz Kathy,professor mathematics gasolinelaboratory dormitoryadvertisement bicycle influenzaElizabeth Catherine,6.Acronyms 首字母缩略法,abbreviate a longer term by taking the initial lettersTwo ways of pronunciation：A.follow the pronunciation patterns of Eng.NATO(North Atlantic Treaty Organization)TOEFL(Test of Eng.as a Foreign Language)AIDS(Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome)NASA(National Aeronautics&Space Administration)UFO(?),B.If unpronounceable each letter is sounded out separately Acronyms lose their capitals to become everyday terms:laser(light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation)radar(radio detecting and ranging)zip(zone improvement plan),MTV(music television)VCR(video cassette recorder),ATM(automatic teller machine)I.Q.(intelligence quotient)MRT(Mass Rapid Transit),TGIF(?);ASAP(?);WYSIWYG(?),7.Back formation 逆成法,e.g.editor edit donation donate burglar burgle zipper zip television televise babysitter baby sitNote:teach teacher:derivational affixation editor edit:back formation,8.Onomatopoeia 拟声法,words imitate sounds in nature or in technology,but need to conform to phonological system of the language A dog:bow wow or woof-woof,汪汪A clock:tick-tock,滴答A rooster:cock-a-doodle-doo 咕咕咕A camera:click,喀擦A duck:quack 嘎嘎A cat:meow 喵喵Ring of a bell:ding-dong,叮咚A cow:moo,哞哞 A bee:buzz,嗡嗡A snake:hiss,嘶嘶,9.Borrowing 借用法,(Borrowed words or loan-words):the taking over of words from other languagesA.Loan translation:direct translation of the elements of a word into the borrowing languagehot dog 热狗 superman 超人Redology,Confucius,Runningdogs,papertigers,FourBooks,FiveClassics,Scarliterature,Tatami(Japanese),alcohol(Arabic),jasmine(Persian)B.Transliterationcool 酷 DINK 丁克 YUPPIE 雅痞Kungfu,fengshui,tofu,dim sum,Shangrilataikonaut,mahjong,yinyangtaichi(shadowboxing),10.Coining 新造法,Coining(Coinage):Creating a completely new free morpheme,which is unrelated to any existing morphemes;a rare thinge.g.googol,aspirin,nylon,Note:different from everyday use of“coinage”,11.Extension of word formation rules,Part of a word is treated as a morpheme though its not burger(mar)athon a(lco)holic hamburger telethon workaholic cheese burger danceathon buffalo burger walkathon fish burger vege burger tofu burger,12.Functional shift,Functional shift(or conversion,category change):A change in the part of speechV N a guess,a must,a spy,a printout,walk,run,laugh,touchN V position,process,contact,notice,party,fax,butter,bottle(computer-related terms)input,output,formatV ADJ see-through,a stand-up comedian,Exercise：Identify the word formation process,
