英语课标点符号课件.ppt

Mechanics技术性细节,系统工程徐金阳,Mechanics,Small as we are,writing mechanics like capitalization and punctuation differentiate meanings and mark the basic layout of the writing.,()Capitalization,The first words of sentences,proper names and key words in titles.,1.The beginning of a sentence or a direct quotation sentenceShe is one of my best friends.He said,“My trip to Mount Tai was interesting.”,2.Commom words used as parts of proper namesthe Peoples Republic of ChinaChildrens Day,3.Words derived from proper namesConfucianism,Darwinism,()Capitalization,The first words of sentences,proper names and key words in titles.,4.The first letter of designations of relatives before family namesUncle George,Grandma Lee,5.Almost all abbreviationsUFO,VOA,NATO,USAExcept a.m.,p.m.,etc.,e.g.,i.e.,6.On titles of worksInterpretations of Robert Frosts“Fire and Ice”The Pain in Wearing High HeelsDo not:articles(a,an,the);coordinating conjunctions(and,but);prepositions unless they begin the title or contain more than four letters(until,after),Exercise 1,1.I may travel north,but my family will remain in the south.,I may travel North,but my family will remain in the South.,2.My uncle was late.“where is uncle fred?”I wondered.,My uncle was late.“Where is Uncle Fred?”I wondered.,Exercise 2,1.In our High School,the vice-Principal was in charge of Discipline.,In our high school,the vice-principal was in charge of discipline.,2.A group called Project Bigfoot offers a thousand-dollar reward to anyone finding the Skull,Hair,or Bones of the legendary Bigfoot.,A group called Project Bigfoot offers a thousand-dollar reward to anyone finding the skull,hair,or bones of the legendary Bigfoot.,()Punctuation,Serve two main functions:Separation of successive units to clarify the sense of a paragraphSpecification of language function,Most of the punctuation marks in English are similar to those in Chinese with only a few exceptions.,No:、,Italics or underline,1.The period(.),The period is used at the end of a indicative sentence or a mildly imperative sentence to indicate the end of an integral sense.,Use a period with abbreviations:Dr.Espinoza arrived from Washington,D.C.,at 6 p.m.Did you enjoy living in Washington,D.C.?You pride yourself on your good home cooking,1.The period(.),2.The comma(,),1.The comma is chiefly used to clarify the sense of a sentence by separating equal items such as words,phrases,or clauses in a series,and by setting off modifiers or parenthetical words,phrases or clause.The exercise instructor told us to inhale,exhale,and relax.(separating equal items)The lecture was good,but few people were present.(setting off the clause),2.Nonrestrictive clauses and phrases are set off by commas:The Founders Bridge,which spans the Connecticut River,is falling down.Restrictive clauses and phrases are not set off by commas:Young people who have taken piano lessons enjoy going to concerts.,2.The comma(,),3.Commas set off parenthetical elements:The machines you have supplied us,Im glad to tell you,work very well.,2.The comma(,),ma in datesA comma is used to separate the day from the year if the order is month/day/year(March 27,1993).But no comma is needed if the order is day/month/year(27 March 1993),2.The comma(,),5.With numbers of 1 000 or over,commas or little blank spaces may be used to separate digits by thousands.From right to left,a comma is placed after every three numerals.1,253,900 690 843 201 279,2.The comma(,),6.A comma is used to set off quoted elements.Lucia said,”People live in cities but dream of the countryside.”Do not use a comma when giving an indirect quotation.Lucia said that people dream of the countryside,even though they live in cities.,2.The comma(,),7.A comma can be used to avoid confusion.Confusion:For most the year is already finished.Clear:For most,the year is already finished.,2.The comma(,),3.The semicolon(;),The semicolon is used between coordinate phrases clauses which are not linked by a conjunction(for,and,nor,but,or,yet,so)but sometimes by logical connectors(however,for instance,nevertheless,etc.),Its getting late;wed better go home.(between clause)Tension rose rapidly during yesterdays meeting;nevertheless,most of the Council members remained calm.(joined by logical connectors),3.The semicolon(;),4.The colon(:),(1)The colon is used to introduce a quotation or a statement.(2)The colon is used to introduce an explanation,a summary,or an appositive.He gave two reasons for his failure in the examination:poor health and insufficient time for preparation.,(3)The colon is used between the hour and the minute to show the time,to record the scores of games,to end the salutation of a business letter and the introductory remark of a speaker to the audience.at 11:30 China beat Japan 3:2 in the championships.Dear Mr.Johnson:Mr.Chairman,Ladies and Gentlemen:,4.The colon(:),Do not use a colon after words like including and such as.Wrong:For breakfast we have things such as:milk,bread,and fruit.Right:For breakfast we have things such as milk,bread,and fruit.,4.The colon(:),5.The question mark(?),1.The question mark is used after a direct question.An indirect question is punctuated in the same way as a declarative sentence.You ate that apple?2.A question mark within parentheses indicates the writers uncertainty about the correctness of the preceding word,figure,or date.The author of this novel was born in 1033(?)and died in 1095.,6.The exclamation mark(!),An exclamation mark is used to express surprise,strong emotion,special emphasis,excitement,or urgency.What a gifted violinist!“What a nice day,”she said.(mild interjections and mildly exclamatory sentences),7.The quotation marks(“”)(),Double quotation marks(“”)are used to quote the exact words of a writer and to set off some titles.Single quotation marks()are used to enclose an internal quotation within a quotation.“Roy,the men are shouting get out,”she said.First he talked about“New Criticism”;then he discussed“postmodernism.”He asked,”Are you sure Mary will come?”What is the meaning of“New Criticism”?,8.Parentheses()and brackets,(1)Enclose loosely related additions for comment or explanation.We looked down from a great height(the mountain heights)to see the whole city.(2)Enclose figures which number items in a series.This book consists of three parts:(1)ancient history,(2)modern history and(3)contemporary history.(3)brackets are used to replace parentheses within parentheses.William wrote a very useful book for students learning to write(The Elements of StyleNew York:Macmillan,1972),9.The dash(),(1)A dash is used to introduce summaries,and to indicate interruptions,parenthetical remarks and quotations.Bob,Lily,Judy none of them know where he is.All his belongings a few articles of clothing and a few books are here.(2)The dash indicates a break in thought or a change in tone,or a speakers confusion or hesitation.At the beginning of the year,he made many resolutions only to be forgotten in a few days.,10.The hyphen(-),Hyphens are used to join two or more words to form compounds or to split a word syllabically at the end of a line when there is not enough space for the whole word.brother-in law,thirty-year-old writer,11.The apostrophe(),(1)The apostrophe is used for the formation of the possessive case.Childrens Day(2)The apostrophe can be used to mark the omission of one or more than one letter.Im,hed,1980s,12.The slash(/),(1)The slash indicates alternatives,representing the words or.Everybody should try to grasp his/her destiny.(2)When fractions are written in a sentence,a slash is used to separate the numerator from the denominator.A kilometer is 31/50 of a mile.,(3)Slash can also be used to indicate line divisions in poems quoted within a text:In this poem Keats wrote these famous lines:“Beauty is truth,truth is beauty,/that is all/Ye know on earth,and all ye need to know.”,12.The slash(/),()Manuscript,1.Margin(1)Write on very other line so that there will be room for corrections.(2)Leave a margin of about 2cm at the top and the bottom of the page,and 1.5cm on the right and left side.,(3)the first line of every paragragh should be indented(star after a space of four or five letters).,()Manuscript,2.HandwritingBe sure to make your capitals a little bigger and higher than your small letters.When you want to cross out a word,dont used brackets to enclose it,but draw a thick line across it.When you want to add a word,write it above,not below.,()Manuscript,3.GuidelinesUse standard-sized 8.5 by 11 inch white paper.Use one side of the paper only.If handwriting is an option,use blue or black ink.If using a computer print in black,use a standard,legible font.Double space the lines in the formatting menu under paragraph,do not use the enter key unless starting a new paragraph.,()Manuscript,3.GuidelinesLeave a 1.25 inch margin at the left and right.Put you name,course title,the name of your teacher,and the date in the upper left-hand corner of the first page.Center the title of your essay two lines below the date.Do not underline or put quotation marks around your title.Leave a 1 inch margin at the bottom of all pages.,()Manuscript,Thank you!,