英语课件英语构词法.ppt
英语构词法,英语构词法主要有三种：转化、合成与派生。,英语构词法种类,另外还有截短、缩合等。,1.转化:是指有一种词类转化为另一种词类。,water n.水-water vt.浇水,常见的转化形式：动词-名词名词-动词,动词-名词 stop vt.停止-n.车站love vt.爱-n.爱Watch vt.观看-n.手表record vt.录音-n.纪录comb vt.梳理(头发)-n.梳子abuse vt.辱骂-n.辱骂,名词-动词 hand n.手-vt.上交seat n.座位-vt.坐nurse n.护士-vt.护理oil n.油-vt.上油time n.时间-vt.定时，测时shoulder n.肩膀-vt.肩负,mine n.矿山-vt.开矿barbecue n.烧烤-vt.在烤架上烤ship n.船-vt.用船装运 finance n.金融-vt.为提供资金stain n.污点,污迹-vt.玷污，污染draft n.草稿-vt.起草head n.头-v.前进transport n.运输-vt.运输,副词-动词 down adv.向下-v.放下副词-名词nowhere adv.任何地方都不-n.无处，无名的地方,形容词-名词 freezing adj.冰冻的-n.冰点 solid adj.固体的,坚实的-n.固体,数词-动词 second num.第二-v.赞成-n.秒,2.合成:有两个或更多的词合成一个词。class 班级+room 房间=classroom 教室,warm+heart+ed=warmhearted 热心肠的good+looking=good-looking 相貌好看的,(1)名词air conditioner blood pressure income tax(2)形容词central bank remote control fast food solar system(3)v-ing 加另一词washing machine driving license(4)其他方式by-product（副产品）editor-in-chief,合成形容词过去分词或带ed词尾的构成absent-minded grey-haired动词的ing或另一词构成long-suffering far-reaching(5)合成动词 baby-sit,3.派生:是通过在词根上加前缀或者后缀构成一个新词。,happy-unhappydevelop-development,前缀一般只引起意思上的变化而不造成词类的变化，只有少数能引起词类的变化。,mis-错误的+understand v.理解-misunderstand v.误解,en+large adj.大的-enlarge v.扩大,后缀一般只引起词性上的变化而不造成意思的变化。,care v.照料-careful adj.细心的work v.工作-worker n.工人,常见的前缀,(A)表示否定的前缀：un-unfair,unhappy non-nonsmoker(常用在n.adj.adv.前)in-inactive,inhuman,indirect(常用在adj.)dis-disagree,disappear im-impolite,impossible(用在b,p,m 开头的词前)il-illegal ir-irreal,irregular,(B).表示错误或失当的前缀:mis-misjudge,misdirect(误导)(C).表示向背的前缀:pro-(亲，支持)pro-Chinese,pro-American anti-（阻止，抗）antiwar,anti-Japanese war,(D).表示程度、大小的前缀super-superstar,supermarket,superman,superpowerover-overhead,overeat,overusemini-minibus,miniskirt,mini-carunder-underground,underestimatesemi-(半，部分)semicircle,semiskilled,(E).表示时间的前缀 pre-prewar post-postwar fore-(前，预先)foretell,forecast,foresee,weather forecast,(F).表示方位的前缀：sub-subway,submarine inter-international,interclass(年级之间的）trans-(横过，通过，超越，进入)transplant,transatlantic（横渡大西洋的）,常见的后缀,1.动词变名词：-ation satisfaction,education,realization-ment development,movement,disappointment,-al arrival,refusal-ee trainee（受训者）,employee-er teacher,worker-or visitor,sailor,2.形容词变名词-ness happiness,meanness,carelessness-ity ability,possibility-ism Marxism,criticism,3.名词变形容词：-y windy,rainy,sandy-ish foolish,feverish-some handsome,troublesome-ous dangerous,humorous-ful helpful,careful,peaceful,3.名词、形容词变动词：-ify beautify,simplify-ize realize-en quicken,widen,sharpen,但也有一些带后缀的派生词仅仅改变词义：Kingdom:“职位、状态”freedomBoyhood:“身份，资格”childhoodFriendship:情态状态性质身份职业技巧技 能”leadership,hardshipSpoonful：构成名词mouthful(满口,一口),handful(一把),4.截短:是指用截头取尾的方法构成新词。telephone-phone influenza influenz-flu.流行性感冒,5.缩合:是指把两个或两个以上的词各取一部分合在一起构成一个新单词。,smoke and fog-smog 烟雾Test of English as a foreign language TOEFL 托福International English language test system-IELTS 雅思,1._(adj.)平静的,和平的_(n.)_(adv.)2.()(vi.)抱怨,投诉()(n.)3._(adj.)爱交际的,社交的_(n.)社会_(n.)社会主义4._(vt.&vi.)减少,降低_(n.),1.(peaceful)(adj.)平静的,和平的(peace)(n.)(peacefully)(adv.)2.(complain)(vi.)抱怨,投诉(complaint)(n.)3.(socail)(adj.)爱交际的,社交的(society)(n.)社会(socialist)(n.)社会主义4.(reduce)(vt.&vi.)减少,降低(reduction)(n.),5._(n.)广告_(v.)_(n.)登广告的人6._(adj.)平等的_(adv.)_(n.)相等,平等7._(vi.)比赛,竞争_(n.)8._(adv.)幸运地_(adj.)_(n.)运气,财富,命运,5.advertisement(n.)广告advertise(v.)advertiser(n.)登广告的人6.equal(adj.)平等的 equally(adv.)equality(n.)相等,平等pete(vi.)比赛,竞争 competition(n.)8.fortunately(adv.)幸运地 fortunate(adj.)fortune(n.)运气,财富,命运,exercisevi.锻炼，运动She should exercise more.They dont exercise enough.My grandfather exercised and became healthier.vt.练习We should exercise our legs.He is exercising himself in dancing.,n.(不可数)运动，锻炼I should take more exercise.Exercise is good for old people.n.(可数)操练，学习中的练习题Students in this school do eye exercises twice a day.We do morning exercises every day.There are seven math exercises to do.,
