英语语法句子的种类.ppt

,Story,A man got on a train and sat down in a compartment which was empty except for one lady.She took her gloves off.A few hours later the woman was found dead and the man was arrested by the police.They held him for 24 hours and were then legally forced to let him go free.KEYWORDS:garden,lover,30 years,disappear,jail,The solution to the story,Thirty years before,the gloved lady had been married to the man on the train.She and her lover had disappeared and left the country.Before vanishing they had cut off the two middle fingers of her left hand and buried them in the garden.The police found the fingers while investigating her disappearance and accused the man of murdering his wife and burying the rest of her elsewhere.He was jailed for 30 years for a crime he had not committed.He did not recognize her at first on the train.When she took off her gloves he did.He killed her.The police had to release him as he had served his life sentence before committing the crime it was for.,So from the story we know that,1.The woman whose fingers were cut off was the mans wife.2.The man whose wife had run away with another man was jailed for 30 years.,以上是由 whose 引导的定语从句,而定语从句可归纳为我们今天要讲的句子种类当中的一种.,英语语法:句子的种类,按使用目的可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。,1）陈述句（Declarative Sentences）：说明一个事实或陈述一种看法。Light travels faster than sound.光比声速度快。（说明事实）The film is rather boring.这部电影很乏味。（说明看法）2）疑问句（Interrogative Sentences）：提出问题。有以下四种：a.一般疑问句（General Questions）：Can you finish the work in time?你能按时完成工作吗？b.特殊疑问句（W Questions;H Questions）：Where do you live?你住那儿？How do you know that?你怎么知道那件事？,c.选择疑问句（Alternative Questions）：Do you want tea or coffee?你是要茶还是要咖啡？d.反意疑问句（Tag-Questions）：He doesnt know her,does he?他不认识她，对不对？3）祈使句（Imperative Sentences）：提出请求，建议或发出命令，Sit down,please.请坐。Dont be nervous!别紧张！4）感叹句（Exclamatory Sentences）：表示说 话人惊奇、喜悦、愤怒等情绪，What good news it is!多好的消息啊！,（二）句子按其结构可以分为以下三类：简单句，并列句，主从复合句,1）简单句（Simple Sentences）：只包含一个主谓结构句子叫简单句，She is fond of collecting stamps.她喜欢集邮。(主)(谓)2）并列句（Compound Sentences）：包含两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子叫并列句，句与句之间通常用并列连词或分号来连接，例如：The food was good,but he had little appetite.(主)(谓)(主)(谓)食物很精美，但他却没什么胃口。,3）复合句（Complex Sentences）：包含一个主句从句和一个或几个从句的句子叫复合句，从句由从属连词引导The film had begun when we got to the cinema.主句 从句我们到达电影院的时候，电影已经开演了。,（三）基本句型（Basic Sentence Patterns）：英语中千变万化的句子归根结底都是由以下五种基本句型组合、扩展、变化来的：,I句子成分句子的组成成分叫句子成分。在句子中，词与词之间有一定的组合关系，按照不同的关系，可以把句子分为不同的组成成分。句子成分由词或词组充当。英语的基本成分有六种：主语（subject）、谓语（predicate）、表语（predicative）、宾语（object）、定语（attribute）和状语(adverbial),II 基本句型,基本句型一：（主谓）Im standing.基本句型二：（主谓表）Thedinnersmellsgood.基本句型三：（主谓宾）Whoknowstheanswer?基本句型四：（主谓间宾直宾）Hebroughtyouadictionary.基本句型五：（主谓宾宾补）sawthemgettingonthebus.,注意：以上只是五个基本句型，但是我们在阅读中碰到的是更为复杂的句子。英语中任何复杂的句子都是在这五个句型上的延伸。下面以基本句型五为例的一个句子来扩充一个基本句型。通过加上适当的定语，状语等，我们可以使句子更血肉丰满：注意：定语：定语对名词或代词加以修饰或限定。状语：状语主要修饰动词、形容词或副词。,Wefoundthehallfull.我们发现礼堂坐满了。Wefoundthegreathallfullofstudentsandteachers.我们发现大礼堂坐满了学生和教师。Wefoundthegreathallfullofstudentsandteachers listeningtoanimportantreport.我们发现大礼堂坐满了在听一个重要报告的学生和教师。Wefoundthegreathallfullofstudentsandteachers listeingtoanimportantreportmadebyacomradefromthePeoplesDailyoncurrentaffairsinEastEurope.我们发现大礼堂坐满了在听人民日报的一位同志作有关东欧局势的重要报告的学生和教师。,1、简单句不管是我们阅读还是写作，构造和理解简单句都是最基本的技能。在这个技能中，记住一点是十分重要的。也就是说：在英语简单句中，只能有而且（一般情况下）必须有一个谓语部分。英语的简单句只有五种基本句型，也就是我们上面提到的五中基本句型，所有的英语句子都不能离开这五种基本句型，所以我们把它们谙熟于心是非常重要而且大有裨益的。再重复一下，这五种句型是：SV,SVC,SVO,SVOC,SVOiOd。其中S=Subject，也就是主语；V=Verbal phrase，也就是谓语部分；C=Complement，表示跟在系动词之后的补语；O=Object，也就是句子的宾语，在最后一种句型中包括间接宾语和直接宾语。,2、并列句（compound sentence）,英语的并列句一般情况下引不起巨大的阅读障碍，因为在分句之间往往有固定的连接词说明前后分句的关系。这样的连接词有以and为代表的表示意义延伸的并列连词、以or为代表的表示选择概念的并列连词、以but为代表的表示转折的并列连词和表示原因的for四个类型。对此我们分别举例句来说明问题：,第一种 and型,(and,both A and B,not only A but also B,neither A nor B)1.The camera takes good pictures,and the price is reasonable.2.He doesnt care for money,nor does he care for fame.第二种 or型（or,either.or）1.The children can go with us,or they can stay at home.2.Take a map with you,or you will be lost.,第三种 but型(but,while)1.He doesnt earn much,but he spends money freely.2.Some people waste food,while others have none.第四种 for型1.He must have done something wrong,for the teacher called him to the office.2.It must have rained last night,for the ground is wet.,3、复合句（complex sentence）,如果一个句子充当另一个句子的组成部分，如主语、宾语、表语、同位语、定语、状语等，具有这样结构的句子称为主从复合句。充当某一成分的句子称为从句，带着从句的句子称为主句。从句对主句的关系是从属关系。主句和从句之间有一定的连接词加以连接。从属关系的复合句包括名词性从句(Nominal Clauses)（包括主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句）、定语从句（Relative Clauses）、状语从句（Adverbial Clauses）。下面我们分别来探究一下什么是名词性从句，定语从句，状语从句。,4.名词性从句：在句子中充当主语、宾语、表语与同位语的句子分别叫做主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句，这些从句统称为名词性从句。,（一）主语从句 在复合句中用作主语的从句叫主语从句。That you are leaving is a pity.你要走，真遗憾。What matters is how you live.重要的是你如何生活。Where he lives is not clear.他住哪儿不清楚。Who will stay makes no difference.谁留下来都一样。Whether the football game will be played depends on the weather.足球比赛是否举行将视天气而定,注意：(三大点),主语从句中的连接词的问题从属连词 that，whether 连接代词 who，whom，whose，which，what 连接副词 when，where，how，whya.所有wh-疑问词引导的主语从句不仅起连接主句与从句的作用，而且还在从句中担任各类成分及具有词汇意义，而that在从句中仅起连接作用，没有词汇意义，但 that引导主语从句时，that不可以省.b.主语从句表示是否只能用whether引导。主语从句的语序是陈述句的语序,it 作形式主语的问题大部分主语从句都可以用it作形式主语，这主要是为了保持句子平衡，主语从句常用it作形式主语，将主语从句后置。用it作形式主语的主语从句结构有如下几种：,a.It is+名词+that从句 It is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.英语正在被人们接受为一种国际语言，这是一个事实。b.It is+形容词+that从句 1.It is certain that she will do well in her exam.毫无疑问她考试成绩会很好。,虚拟语气 It is important,natural,necessary,funny,strange,surprising,a pity,a shame,no wonder etc.+that从句的句型也可归为a.It is+名词+that从句 b.It is+形容词+that从句的句型中,谓语部分常用should+动词原形，should常被省略。1.It is important and necessary that we(should)keep the balance of nature.我们要维持生态平衡，这是重要而且必不可少的。2.It is a pity that you(should)miss such a good chance.真遗憾你竟然失去这么好的机会。,c.It+动词+that从句1.It seems that Alice is not coming to the party at all.艾丽丝似乎不来参加晚会。2.It happened that I was out that day.碰巧我那天外出了。(=I happened to be out that day.)d.It is+过去分词+that从句 1.It is said that Mr.Green has arrived in Beijing.(=Mr.Green is said to have arrived in Bijing.)据说格林先生已经到了北京。2.It is reported that China has sent another man-made earth satellite into orbit.据报道中国又成功地发射了一颗人造地球卫星。,下列使用虚拟语气的主语从句 也可归在这一类It is+过去分词+that从句 在It is suggested,ordered,requested,insisted,etc.+that从句中，谓语部分用should+动词原形，should常被省略。1.It is suggested that we(should)do the experiment a second time.有人建议我们再做一次实验。,用形式主语it引导的主语从句相当多，有些已形成固定的语法和译法。常见的有：It is said that.据说 It is reported that.据报导 It is well known that.众所周知 It is announced that.据宣布 It is believed that.人们相信 It is thought that.人们认为,It is understood that.自不待言 It must be pointed out that.必须指出 It must be admitted that.必须承认 其他情况It doesnt matter whether she will come or not.她是否来这无关紧要。It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting.我们在哪里开会毫无区别。It suddenly occurred to her that she had forgotten to lock the door.她突然想到她忘记锁门了。,并且当that引导的主语从句出现在疑问句中时，宜用it作形式主语，而把主语从句后置。1.Is it possible that they may complete the task ahead of time?他们有可能提前完成任务吗？2.Does it matter much that he wont be able to come tomorrow?他明天来不了很要紧吗？此外连接代词what,whoever,whatever,whichever引导的主语从句出现在疑问句中时等引导的主语从句不宜用it作形式主语。1.Is what he told us really true?他所告诉我们的的确是真的吗？,(二)宾语从句 宾语从句 The Object Clause，在复合句中作主句的宾语，它属于名词性从句。它可以作主句谓语动词的宾语，也可以作介词的宾语。连接词（引导词）相同于主语从句 从属连词 that，if，whether 连接代词 who，whom，whose，which，what 连接副词 when，where，how，why 语序：从句的词序用陈述语序（主+谓）,虚拟语气在宾语从句中的用法.suggest,order,request,require,demand,insist,askthatshould doThe teacher sugggested that we should carry out the plan as quickly as possible.,使用宾语从句还有一个要注意的问题是在think,believe,suppose,expect等动词所跟的宾语中，如果从句谓语是否定的，一般要将否定词移到主句谓语上，而将从句的谓语变为肯定形式。1).I dont think he has time to play football with you.我想他没有时间和你踢足球。2).I dont suppose it is the rush hour yet.我估计现在未到（交通）高峰时间。,（三）表语从句 表语从句放在连系动词之后，充当复合句中的表语。,1可接表语从句的连系动词有be,look,seem,sound,appear等。1)China is no longer what she used to be.今日的中国不再是过去的中国了。2)The question remains whether they will be able to help us.问题还是他们能否帮我们。,注意,连接词 表语从句中的连接词如主语从句，宾语从句，但是同主语从句一样,连词that引导的表语从句中that不可以省，表语语从句表示是否只能用whether,使用虚拟语气的表语从句 在表示建议、劝告、命令含义的名词后的表语从句，谓语动词需用should+动词原形表示，should可省略。常见的词有：advice,suggestion,order,proposal,plan,idea等。1)My suggestion is that we(should)start early tomorrow.我的建议是我们明天一早就出发。2)His proposal was that they(should)challenge the other classes to a friendly competition.他的提议是挑战别的班级进行一场友谊竞赛。,(四)同位语从句 同位语从句用于对前面的名词作进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容。同位语从句一般由that引导，但也可以由whether以及连接代词和连接副词引导。,1 同位语从句一般跟在名词的后面 同位语从句一般跟在名词fact,hope,idea,news,doubt,suggestion,information,opinion,decision,discovery,truth,promise,statement,problem,rule等后面。,注意,同位语从句一般跟在名词的后面 同位语从句一般跟在名词fact,hope,idea,news,doubt,suggestion,information,opinion,decision,discovery,truth,promise,statement,problem,rule等后面。,1)They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick.对你生病这件事，他们都很焦虑。2.He asked me the question whether he could leave at five.他问我一个问题他是否能在五点离开.3)We havent yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation.到哪儿去度暑假，这个问题我们还没有决定。,使用虚拟语气的同位语从句 在一些表示“建议、命令、要求”的名词后的同位语从句中，谓语动词用should+动词原形，should可省略。,This is our only request that this(should)be settled as soon as possible.尽快解决这个问题，这是我们唯一的请求。He made the suggestion that we(should)go by train.他建议我们坐火车去。,名词性从句练习1Can you make sure_the gold ring?A.where Alice had putB.where had Alice put C.where Alice has putD.where has Alice put 2._ some mammals came to live in the sea is not known.A.Which B.Although C.Since D.How3The old gentleman never fails to help_is in need of help.A.whom B.who C.whoever D.whomever 4.The young couple were anxious and they begged the doctor to do _ he could to save their daughters life.A.that B.what C.all what D.which5.The new law will come into effect on November 1 _ no children under 18 will be allowed to buy either wine or cigarette.A.whether B.because C.that D.when,D,D,C,B,C,6.Mother made a promise _ I entered a key school,she would take me to Beijing.A.that B.that if C.if D.whether7.He asked me the question _ he could leave at five.A.if B.whether C.that D.when8.It is natural _ we should go there by air.A.that B.because C.how D.if 9.The boss ordered _ him while he was writing the report,because he was to make a speech the next day.A.us not disturb B.that we not disturb C.that we would not disturb D.that we could not disturb,B,B,A,B,10.After ten years of development,Pudong New Area is not _ it used to be.In fact,it has become the most attracting area in Shanghai.A.which B.What C.that D.when11.It depends on its quality and price _ a new product sells well.A.if B.whether C.what D.that12.The young girls we met in the street corner seemed to be frightened.What do you think _ made them so?A.which B.What C.that D./13.I wont believe _ you say.A.no matter what B.whatever C.no matter how D.whenever,B,B,D,B,状语从句(Adverbial Clause)从句用作状语称为状语从句。根据用途，状语从句可分为时间、地点、原因、条件、方式、让步、结果、目的、比较等状语从句。,（一）时间状语从句 时间状语从句表示时间，常用的关联词有 when,until,as,after,before,once,since,as soon as,whenever,no soonerthan,hardly/scarcely/barelywhen,the moment,every time等等。1)When you cross a main road,you must be careful.2)The instant he saw the building on fire,he dialed 999.3)Hardly had he arrived in Beijing when it began to snow.,（二）地点状语从句 地点状语从句表示地点，常用的关联词有where,wherever等。1)Put it where you found it.2)Sit down wherever you like.,（三）原因状语从句原因状语从句表示原因或理由，常用的关联词有because,as,since,for,now that,considering that(由于考虑到)等。1)I eat ice-cream so much because I like sweet food.2)Considering that he did not study,he did well on the test.3)Since you wont help me,Ill ask someone else.,（四）条件状语从句 条件状语从句表示真实的或现实的条件，引导从句所用的关联词有if,unless,suppose,in case(that),in the event(that),as(so)long as，provided/providing that,on condition that等等。1.If it snows tomorrow,we will build a snowman.2.Youll be late,unless you hurry.,3.Suppose we are late,what will he say?(suppose从句必须放在主句之前)我们如果迟到了，他会说什么？4.In the event that our team wins,there will be a party.5.In case it rains,do not expect me.如果下雨，就不要等我了。6.He will do anything as(so)long as it is interesting.只要好玩，他什么都愿意做。,（五）方式状语从句 方式状语从句表示动作的方式，回答How的问题，常用关联词as,as if,as though,the way(that),in the way(that)等引导，一般置于主语之后。1.Do as I say.I did just as you told me.照我说的去做。我就是照你说的去做的。2.He acts as if/as though he were the owner.他行为举止好象是这儿的主人似的。3.They did it in a way that I had never seen before.他们以我从没见过的方式行事。4.I was never allowed to sing the way I wanted to.我从未被允许用自己想用的方式唱歌。,（六）让步状语从句 让步状语从句表示“虽然、尽管、即使”等概念，使句子具有对比的因素。常用的关联词有although,though,even if,even though,whether,as,however,while,no matter+特殊疑问词，特殊疑问词+ever 1)Although you feel very ill right now,this is still a common disease.2)We intend to go U.S.,even if air fares are expensive.3)I wouldnt go to see the new movie no matter who recommends it.,(七)结果状语从句 结果状语从句表示结果，常由连词sothat,such(a/an)that,so that,such that等引导，置于主语之后。1)She was so frightened about the dog that she cried.2)The news worried him so much that he didnt sleep at all for the whole night.3)We arrived early,so that we got good seats.,（八）目的状语从句 目的状语从句表示目的，回答what for或 for what purpose的问题，常用关联词so that,in order that，lest等引导，一般置于主语之后。目的状语从句中的谓语动词常由“情态动词+动词原形”构成 1)We arrived early so that we could get good seats.2)Ships carry lifeboats so that people can escape if the ship sinks.3)They wrote the notice in several languages so that foreigners could understand it.,（九）比较状语从句 常用的关联词有as,than,asas,not soas,the morethe more 1)Air is to men as water is to fish.2)The more civilized a man becomes,the less he is limited by the disadvantage of his environment.,1Ill go with you as soon as I _my work.A.will finish B.shall finish C.finish D.finished 2No sooner_the news than they rushed out into the street.A.they heard B.they had heard C.did they hear D.had they heard 3Although he is considered a great writer,_ A.his works are not widely read B.but his works are not widelyread C.however his works are not widely read D.still his works arenot widely read 4_he might,he failed.A.Try as B.As try C.Tried as D.As tried,C,D,A,A,5.It was long _ they find out what had happened.A.until B.when C.since D.before 6.We hadnt met for twenty years,but I recognized her _ I saw her.A.the moment B.the moment when C.for the moment D.at the moment when7._ difficulties we may meet with,we are sure to get over them.A.However B.Whatever C.No matter how D.Though,D,A,B,8.It was _ that we all felt like going swimming.A.so fine day B.such fine weather C.such fine day D.so fine weather9.Medicine should be kept _ childen cant reach it.A.because B.so that C.when D.where10.The more you practice speaking English,_ it will do you.A.the better B.the more C.the more good D.the better much,B,D,C,定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。关系代词有：who,whom,whose,that,which等。关系副词有：when,where,why等,（一）关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语、表语等成分。,1）先行词指人，关系代词用who,whom,that，这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下：1.Is he the man who/that wants to see you?他就是你想见的人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语）2.He is the man whom/that I saw yesterday.他就是我昨天见的(whom/that在从句中作宾语),2）先行词指物，关系代词用which,that，它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，The package(which/that)you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.你拿的包快散了。(which/that在句中作宾语),3)Whose 用来指人或物，(只用作定语,若指物，它还可以同of which互换），They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.那人车坏