英语词汇学Chapter9主要英语国家词汇特征.ppt
Chapter 12,英语词汇的国别特征,Teaching focus:1.American English and British English2.Canadian 3.Australian4.Neuzeland,1.American English words1.1 History of American English1607 Jamestown:permanent colony1773-1783 War of Independence英国政府于1773年颁布茶税法企图垄断北美的茶叶生意，他们给予东印度公司在北美倾销茶叶的专卖权。此举激起了殖民地人民的强烈反对。12月16日夜晚，“自由之子社”的部分成员登上三艘停泊在港口的英国运茶船，将船上343箱茶叶统统倒入大海。这就是有名的波士顿倾茶事件。年月日，大陆会议通过独立宣言，宣告美利坚合众国诞生。1783年9月3日，英国正式承认美国独立。,1882 Noah Webster American English Dictionary:American languageTwo wars of the world led to the changes of political status of Britain and America:The degradation of BritonThe hegemony of America 霸主 Sir Earnest Gowers:symptoms of surrender by the older competitor to the younger and more vigorous,1.2 Causes leading to the differences between British and American English1.2.1 The development of EnglishAmerican colony:the 17th century EnglishBritain has developed.17th English/American now in EnglishGottengotMad生气的疯狂的rare未煮熟的罕见的，稀罕的fall,意为“秋天”,来源于the fall of leaves(落叶时节),而标准英语从乔叟(Geoffrey Chaucer,约13461400年)就开始用“autumn”一词(来自法语)表示“秋天”bug一词在美国英语中泛指“虫子”,而现在在英国英语中却专指“臭虫”,1.2.2 The independent development of American EnglishAssemblyPresidentSenateCongressHarmonicaTar and featherTelephoneTo advocate,1.2.3 American English words borrowed words from other cultures:Indian language:chinquapin美国栗树,chipmunk金花鼠,hickory山核桃,hominy玉米粥,igloo园丁茅屋French:bureau局,cache地窖,prairie,pumpkinSpanish:abode住处,lasso套索,ranch庄园,corral畜栏,cockroach Dutch:boss,scow敞舱驳船German:noodle,poker拨火棍,seminar,semester,hamburger,frankfurter牛肉香肠,1.2.4 Mutual influence of British and American English:1775-1783:the predominance of British English over American English1861-1865:the gradual independence of American EnglishAfter the Civil War to date:the predominance of American English over British English,1.3 Differences between British English and American English,1.3.1 In vocabularySame words,different meaningsDifferent words,same meanings1.3.2 In spelling and pronunciation1.3.3 In grammar,1.3.1 In vocabularySame words,different meaningsDifferent words,same meaningsWords used only in one country,same word,different meanings,Different words share the same meaning,More examples:American English 900I guess youre right.British English 901I suppose youre right.P.350-351,Words used only in one countryAmerica characteristic words：Britain characteristic words：P.350,1.3.2 Difference in spelling p.352,美式拼写使有些词符合拼写规则或与读音一致美式拼写省略重写辅音字母省略不发音的字母其它P.352-353,Consistency between pronunciation and spelling,British FibreCentreRealise Defence Favour Enquire Gasolene Catalogue,AmericanFiberCenterRealizeDefenseFavorInquire Gasoline Catalog,Omission of the second consonant,British TravellerWaggonProgrammeCigaretteWhizz,American Traveler WagonProgramCigaretWhiz,Omission of the unvoiced sound,BritishAxeGood-byePlough,American AxGood-byPlow,British PedlarScepticChequeSmoulderMediaevalDraughtFuseTsar,American PeddlerSkepticCheckSmolderMedievalDraftFuzeTzar,1.3.3 In grammar,BritishIve just had lunch.Have you finished your homework yet?,AmericanI just had lunch.Did you finish your homework yet?,British have Have you got a car?She has got a beautiful new home.He hasnt got any friends.,American doDo you have a car?She has a beautiful new home.He doesnt have any friends.,In preposition,British Fill in a formMeet somebodyMonday to FridayStay at home,American Fill out a formMeet with somebodyMonday through FridayStay home,In subjunctive mood,British I insist that you should attend the meeting.I move that Mr.Smith should be appointed secretary.,American I insist that you attend the meeting.I move that Mr.Smith be appointed secretary.,Canadian English,P.354-356,Australian English,P.356-357,New Zealand English,P.357-360,China English VS.Chinglish,China English:1980 年葛传槼先生提出“中国英语”的概念。谢之君认为“中国英语以规范英语为基础,能够进入英语交际,其使用频度和交际效果与使用者的水平有关”。罗运芝简单概括为“中国英语是载汉语语言特征的英语变体”,科举翰林院五四运动赛先生德先生白话文双百方针人民公社四个现代化菜篮子工程,imperial examinationshanlinyuan May Fourth Movement Mr.Science Democracybaihua wen Two hundred policies peoples commune four modernizationsvegetable basketproject,小康水平计划经济”,fairly comfortable standard of livingplanned commodity economy,China English,第一种,按汉语习惯说出的英语与其本族语者的英语并没有区别。如,economic control system宏观调控体系,a collective ownership employee集体所有制员工等。这些词是按照汉语习惯翻译的,但也符合英语的语言习惯。,第二种,有些中国英语虽然不符合或不完全符合英语本族语者的习惯,但符合语法。如,running dogs走狗,work units工作单位,one country two system一国两制等。这些词语英语本族语者一般不会使用,具有鲜明的中国特色,但翻译出来也符合英语的语法,也能被英语本族语者的语言习惯。,第三种,有些中国英语虽然不符合语法,但是可能符合英语本族语者的习惯,能被接受。如,Hainanese海南人等等。这类词都是根据英语本族语者的语言习惯创造出来的词。,第四种,有些中国英语目前确实还没有被所谓的“规范英语”接受,但是对于英语本族语来讲意思十分清楚,理解不成问题,或者一经解释就会明白,并且对于中国人来讲学习起来不费功夫,用起来得心应手,能够发挥语言作为工具的功能。如,people mountains and people seas人山人海,iron rice bowl铁饭碗,running dogs走狗等等,这类词往往最具中国特色,最具中国标志.geli,ungelivable(2010年中国网络英语新词汇),Chinglish 中国式英语则是指中国的英语学习和使用者由于受母语的干扰和影响,硬套汉语规则和习惯,在英语交际中出现的不合规范或不合英语文化习惯的畸形英语。,你的身体很健康。张老师你吃过了吗?好好学习，天天向上给你点颜色看看方便面人山人海,Your body is very healthyTeacher ZhangHave you eaten up?Good good study,day day up.give you some color to see seeConvenience foodmountain people,sea people.,你的身体很健康.张老师你吃过了吗?好好学习，天天向上给你点颜色看看方便面人山人海,You look very healthy.Mr.ZhangHow are you?Study hard,and make progress every day？Fast foodA sea of people,Ex.5,7,8 P.365-368,Ex.5 P.364,1.block of flats2.solicitor/barrister3.pram4.luggage van5.gallery6.bank note7.grilled8.draughts9.guard10.biscuit(sweet),11.biscuit(unsweetened)12.turn-ups13.pack14.nappy15.drapery16.chips17.rubbish18.dynamo19.tramp20.bonnet,21.caravan22.crossroads23.sitting room24.digs25.pillar box26.flyover27.parcel28.record pulsory,31.jumble sale32.timetable33.gymshoes34.toffee35.undercut36.roundabout37.boot38.dinner jacket39.roller blind40.zip,Ex.7,1.draft2.plow3.liter4.offense5.pajamas6.check7.flier8.skepticism9.harbor10.insure,11.cozy12.maneuver13.civilize14.anemic15.jail16.inflection17.mustache18.esophagus19.cue20.show,ex.8,1.counselor2.remold3.ax4.cigaret5.jewelry6.omelet7.story8.good-by9.specialty10.toward,11.wagon12.catalog13.aluminum14.leveled15.molt16.program17.judgment18.license19.amid20.practice,
