英语四级考试翻译部分transla.ppt

一、汉译英扫雷 虚拟、倒装、时态和语态 考点透析1.虚拟语气1)if 虚拟条件句2)wish后的虚拟语气 3)表示建议、主张、命令等概念的词语后的虚拟语气 4)熟悉常见的能引出虚拟语气的词语以及一些特殊的虚拟语气句型,非真实条件句,e.g.If the whole operation had not been planned beforehand，a great deal of time and money would have been lost如果整个运作过程不是已经提前规划好了的话，就会损失掉大量的时间和金钱了。需要注意的是，有时候主从句所指的时间概念会有不一致的情况，比如条件句是表示对过去的假设，而主句是表示对现在事实或将来可能造成的影响。e.g.：If l hadnt stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell，you couldnt be smiling like this now 如果你摔下来时我没有站在梯子下面接住你，你现在就不可能像现在这样笑了。,If she had returned an hour earlier，Mary_(就不会被大雨淋了)Key:would not have been caught by/in the heavy rain2)wish后的虚拟语气 wish后面的宾语从句常用虚拟语气，表示的是某种无法实现的愿望，说话人常用它来表示对实际情况的不满、不情愿、不接受、遗憾、后悔等感情。宾语从句的谓语动词主要有三种形式：现在的愿望 were/did过去的愿望 had+done would should couldmight have 十 done表示对将来的愿望，wouldshouldcouldmight 十 do,e.g.：I wish I were as tall as you.He wished he hadnt said that.I wish it would rain tomorrow.I didnt go to the party last night，but I do wish I had been there。昨晚我没去舞会，但是我真的很希望我去了。,3)表示建议、主张、命令、请求等概念的词语后的虚拟语气 这类词语由于本身隐含说话人的主观愿望，所以后面接的主语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句的谓语动词往往采用(should)+do/be done 常见的这类词语包括：动词 动词相应的名词 形容词：It is+adj.+that,The law requires that everyone should have his car checked at least once a year.He urges that the restrictions should be lifted.My proposal is that the meeting should be postponed till a later time.His advice that John should wait until next week is quite reasonable.It is important that the applicant should state his reasons for wishing to work for our company.It is imperative that these safety rules be obeyed by everyone 所有人必须遵守这些安全规则,4)熟悉常见的能引出虚拟语气的词语以及一些特殊的虚拟语气句型 除了if以外，还有一些词语也经常用于引出虚拟语气，如lest for fear that 唯恐、免得、为了不使 e.g.Lest the wall should collapse,they evacuated the building.The officer forbade the use of artillery lest the citys industry be damaged.but for(要不是因为)e.g.：But for your kindly help，I couldnt have done that job so well要不是有你的热心帮助，我不可能把工作做得那么好。in case(以防)otherwise without,另外，考生还要掌握一些特殊的虚拟句式，常见的包括：1)if only 要是就好了;但愿，与现在相反用过去时与过去相反用过去完成时Would+do 表示愿望难以实现、遗憾或不满If only he didnt drive so fast!If only he had remembered to buy some fruit.If only the rain would stop!If only I had more money,I could buy the new clothes.,2)would rather/would sooner/would(just)as soon+that 宁愿,与现在或将来相反，动词用过去时与过去相反，动词用过去完成时I would rather you didnt call tomorrow afternoon.I shall be entertaining visitors.My parents would rather we lived in the country than in the city.Mother is so upset.Id rather you hadnt told her about the matter.I would rather you went home now.,3)It is(about/high)time+that 该是的时候了 that从句中用一般过去时It is time we stopped.Its about time you had your hair cut.Its high time he found himself a regular job.,4)as if/as though,与现在相反用过去时与过去相反用过去完成时He felt as if he alone were responsible for what had happened.She spoke to me as if I were deaf.This tool operates/operated as though it had been repaired.,2.倒装 倒装分为全部倒装和部分倒装，全部倒装是指将主谓完全倒装，部分倒装是指将助动词提前构成倒装。汉译英中主要考查的是部分倒装。部分倒装主要应用于以下几种情况：1)由否定词或短语提前引起部分倒装常见的能引起倒装的否定词或短语有：no，not，never，neither，nor,seldom，hardly，scarcely，rarely，barely，little，few，,by no means in no way in no case on no account under no circumstances hardly/scarcely when no soonerthan not onlybut also not untile.g.：Hardly had he arrived the railway station，When the train left 他刚一到车站火车就开了。Not until he had finished his mission did he realize that he was seriously ill.直到他完成使命，他才意识到自己已经病得很重了。,2)由“only+状语”提前引起部分倒装“only+状语”位于句首时，句子要求部分倒装。e.g.：Only in this way can this problem be solved in a short time 只有这样该问题才能够在短期内得以解决。3)as引导让步状语从句时需要部分倒装 as引导让步状语从句时，需将as所在句子的表语部分提前，引起部分倒装。e.g.：Young as he is，he has been a teacher for three years虽然他还年轻，可他已经当了三年老师了。4)sothat从句中“so”提前引起部分倒装在sothat(如此以至于)句型中，如果“so位于句首，其所在的主句要求部分倒装。e.g.：So beautiful is the scenery of the place that every year hundreds of visitors come here该地的风景如此美丽，以至于每年都有成百上千的游客来到这里。,5)if条件句的倒装if引出的条件句(经常是虚拟条件句)可将should等助动词提前，将if省略，构成部分倒装。e.g.：Had(if)I come earlier，I wouldnt have missed that wonderful speech如果我早点来的话，我就不会错过那场精彩的演讲了。e.g.Not only_(他向我收费过高)，but he didnt do a good repair job eitherKey:did he charge me too much/did he overcharge me,3.时态和语态 英语中一共有16种时态，四级考试汉译英部分重点考查的是一般过去时、过去进行时、将来进行时、现在完成时、将来完成时、过去完成时和完成进行时。考生在复习时要注意各个时态的主要用法，翻译时要注意抓住句子中的时间状语，判断其是表示现在、将来还是过去，是短暂时间还是延续性时间?从而确定译文的时态。e.g.：After searching for half an hour，he found that her glasses had been lying on the table找了半个小时以后，她发现自己的眼镜一直就在桌子上。语态问题虽然很少会单独考查，但也是汉译英涉及的重要知识点之一，考生应引起重视，在考虑句子时态的同时也要考虑应使用何种语态。而且，需要注意的是，语态问题不仅仅是针对谓语动词，非谓语动词的语态问题也同样重要。e.g.Though a skilled worker，_(他被公司解雇了)last week because of the economic crisisKey:he was fired by the company discharged dismissed,专题演练1It annoyed him that no sooner_(他刚上车,就发现忘了带钱了)2It is advisable that_(这些项目尽早完工)3By the end of that year，Henry_(已收集了一千多张外国邮票)4_(直到所有的证据摆在他面前)did he confess his crime5If you had not run the red light，_(事故就不会发生了)6A broad scientific census says that_(地球气候正在明显变暖)7Only after the accident _(他才让人对他的车进行了仔细的检查),8John couldnt have known the news，_(否则他早就发出申请了)9I wish _(我的家乡四季如春)10.If _(进入一个装满水的浴缸)，some of the water will overflow onto the floor11Were I in your place，_(我会毫不犹豫地抓住机会)12Many people agree that its very necessary that_(合理地规划间)13Not only_(他们不仅做了音乐表演)，but they also gave a brief introduction to the history of Western brass instruments。,二、重点语法扫雷之二：从句、非谓语动词、情态动词 汉译英中另外三类常考的语法点：从句、非谓语动词和情态动词。熟悉考点之后，再进行一定的强化训练，这部分的分值就不难拿到。考点透析1.各类从句 英语中各类从句，包括名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句，是汉译英的考查重点。关于几种从句的常规用法，由于时间有限，在这里不进行详细讲解，考生可自己参考语法书进行复习。另外，对于名词性从句和定语从句的重点知识，考生可参考第一周完形填空第一天知识通关中的介绍；对于状语从句的各种引导词，考生可参考第一周完形填空第二天知识通关中的介绍。考生在翻译从句时要注意以下几点：该从句是什么从句；从句用什么词来引导，引导词在句中做什么成分；从句应采用的语序，是否涉及倒装问题；从句应采用什么时态，注意主句和从句时态的一致性。,e.g.：No sooner had we reached the top of the hill than we all sat down to rest我们刚一到达山顶，就都坐下来休息。1)_(很多人所没有意识到的)is that Simon is a lover of sports，and football in particularKey:What many people dont realize2)The anti-virus agent was not known _(直到一名医生偶然发现了它)Key:until a doctor discovered it by chance,2.非谓语动词 非谓语动词包括不定式、分词和动名词，考生在复习时首先要了解这几种非谓语动词的基本用法。一般来说，不定式常表示目的或将要发生，过去分词常表示完成和被动，现在分词常表示进行和主动，动名词则相当于名词的作用，常做宾语或主语。考生在翻译非谓语动词时，应注意以下几点：1)非谓语动词同其所修饰的名词或逻辑主语的一致关系 根据非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的关系来确定使用主动语态还是被动语态，从而确定是采用现在分词还是过去分词。e.g.：After being interviewed for the job，you will be required to take a language test 面试以后，你将被要求参加一项语言测试。(interview与其逻辑主语 you之间是被动关系),2)非谓语动词同主句谓语动词动作发生的先后关系 非谓语动词表示的动作与主句谓语动词的动作同时发生或不分先后发生时，用现在分词一般式、动名词一般式或过去分词；非谓语动词表示的动作在主句谓语动词之前发生时，用现在分词完成式、动名词完成式或不定式完成式；非 谓语动词表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词之后时，多用不定式一般e.g.：Not knowing her address，I couldnt write to her不知道她的地址，我没法给她写信。(现在分词一般式，表示的动作与主句谓语动词的动作不分先后发生)The man confessed to having told a lie to the judge那个人承认之前对法官说了谎。(动名词完成式，表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词的动作之前)Please tell me the topic to be discussed in the meeting this afternoon请告诉我今天下午会上要讨论的主题。(不定式一般式，表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词的动作之后),3)动名词的复合结构 动名词的复合结构是由形容词性物主代词或名词的(s)所有格加上动名词构成。e.g.：All his friends suggest his quitting that job as early as possible他所有的朋友都建议他尽早辞掉那份工作。4)分词的独立主格结构 当分词带有自己的逻辑主语，即其逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时，这种结构我们就称为分词的独立主格结构。一般来说，在句子中没有连接词的情况下，逗号是不能连接两个句子的，其中一部分要么是非谓语动词短语，要么就是分词的独立主格结构。e.g.：So many directors being absent，the board meeting had to be put off这么多董事缺席，董事会只好推迟了。,5)不定式的完成式表示“原计划或打算要做而没做睁事”下列动词后常接不定式的完成式(to have done)结构，表示“原计划要做而没做的事”：claim，desire，mean，promise，hope，plan，wish，expect，intend，pretend等。e.g.：He planed to have gone fishing but he suddenly had an important meeting to attend他本来计划去钓鱼，可是他突然有个会议要参加。6)一些只能接动名词或不定式做宾语的动词 只能接动名词,不能接不定式做宾语的动词主要有：abandon，admit，advocate，allow，appreciate，avoid，bear，complete，consider，delay，deny，deserve，dislike，enjoy，escape，fancy，favor，finish，forgive，imagine，keep，mind，miss，postpone，prevent，practice，quit，recommend，resist，risk，suggest等。e.g.：That young man still denied having started the fire behind the store那个年轻人仍然否认他在商店后面放了火。,只能接不定式,不能接动名词做宾语的动词主要有：agree，afford，arrange，appear，attempt，choose，claim，decide，expect，fail，hope，plan，prepare，offer，pretend，promise，tend，intend，happen，determine等。e.g.：He pretended not to see me as he passed me in the street他从我身边走过去的时候，假装没有看到我。7)既可接动名词又可接不定式的动词 有些动词既可接不定式也可接动名词，二者的区别主要分为两种情况：一是接动名词强调动作正在进行或当时的状态，接不定式强调过程，如see,watch,hear等；二是接动名词表示动作已经发生，接不定式表示动作还没发生，如remember,forget,stop,try等。e.g.：We regret to inform you that the books are out of stock.我们很遗憾地通知你，你订的书现在缺货。He regretted not going to the meeting last week.他很后悔上周没去参加那个会议。,例(2006年06月第88题)88._(为了挣钱供我上学)，Mother often takes on more work than is good for her.答案：In order to finance my education考点：本题考察不定式。解析：不定式短语经常位于句首做目的状语。In order to 或so as so 可以起到突出强调该目的的作用，但so as so 一般不用在句首。“挣钱供”还可以用raise money to support 表示。,3.情态动词 除了掌握情态动词的一些基本用法以外，汉译英中尤其要注意情态动词的两个特殊用法：1)情态动词表示推测 表示肯定推测，谓语用must domust have done的形式；表示否定推测，谓语用cant docant have done的形式；表示可能性推测，谓语用might domight have done的形式。e.g.：The old lady must have taken our luggage by mistake。那个老太太一定错拿了我们的行李。,2)“情态动词+have done表示虚拟 should have done表示“本应该做某事而实际上没有做”；shouldnt have done表示“本不应该做某事但实际却做了”；neednt have done表示“本来 没有必要做某事实际却做了”；could have done表示“本来能够做某事但实际却没做”。e.g.：You neednt have dressed so warmly for the trip because the weather was hot。天气这么热，你旅行时其实不必穿这么多的。(实际上穿得很多)例(2006年12月第90题)90Some psychologists claim that people_(出门在外时可能会感到孤独)Key:might feel lonely when they are far from home,专题演练1The 25-year-old Liu Xiang has_(得到许多参与北京奥运会的人的支持)2Jack was sure that the wallet_(肯定是让一个店员给捡到了)3You know that_(只要两个箱子加起来不超过40公斤)，thats all right for the American air flight4.Some doctors suggest that those who feel lonely_(最好养些小家畜作为宠物)5_(我本可以轻易通过考试)，but l made too many stupid mistakes6Alone in a deserted house，he was so busy with his research work_(以至于感觉不到孤单),7 _(要想帮助朋友解决困扰他的问题)，a man should be equipped with the kind of knowledge required。8The room is in a terrible mess；it _(肯定没打扫过)9.Mary often attempts to escape being fined_(每当她违反交通规则的时候)。10.AIDS is said to_(对当地妇女构成了最大的健康威胁)in the past decade11._(其实你没必要穿上你最好的套装)to go to the party；most of the guests were wearing jeans and sweaters.12._(开始看起来模糊不清的事情)might well become clear and organic a third time,三、重点语法扫雷之三主谓一致、并列结构、祈使句和形式主语或形式宾语 汉译中可能涉及到的其他几个语法点，主要包括：主谓一致、并列结构、祈使句和形式主语或形式宾语。将这些语法点复习过后，汉译英所考查的语法部分我们就全面覆盖了。1.主谓一致 主谓一致是指主语和谓语在单复数上的一致性，汉泽英中主要涉及的知识点包括：1)就近一致原则 not onlybut also，neither.nor，either.or，whether.or等短语连接并列主语时，谓语动词采用就近一致原则，即与其相近的名词的数保持一致。e.g.：Neither tears nor protest affects his patents decision眼泪和反抗都不能影响他父母的决定。,2)family，class，staff，committee，audience，party，board，team，government，council等集合名词做主语时，如果指集合体，谓语用单数形式；如果指具体组成部分，谓语用复数形式。e.g.：The audience were enjoying every minute of the concert观众正在享受演唱会的每一分钟。The audience was enormous观众很多。e.g.The committee_(一直在讨论那个问题)among themselves for many hours.答案：have been discussing the problem考点：本题考查时态和主谓一致。解析：由时间状语和所给汉语中的“一直在”可推知，该句应该采用现在完成进行时(常用于表示“到现在为止某个动作一直在进行”)，根据句；意和句中的themselves，句子的主语the committee在此处是表示“委员会成员”，故谓语应用复数形式。,3)“the十形容词”常用来表示一类人，其后的谓语动词应采用复数形式。e.g.The disabled are getting more and more care残疾人正得到越来越多的关心。4)用and连接的成分表示单一概念时谓语动词用单数形式。e.g.The number and diversity of British newspaper is considerable英国报纸的数量和种类都相当丰富。,5)非谓语动词短语或句子做主语时谓语动词用单数形式。e.g.：How only one person has dealt with these heavy boxes is beyond our imagination一个人是如何处理这些重箱子的，我们实在无法想象。6)主语中含有某些连词(如 as well as，besides，in addition to，along with，together with，including，no less than，rather than等)时，谓语动词的数同这些连词前面的名词保持一致。e.g.：He，along with his parents，has arrived in Beijing now他和他父母现在已经到北京了。,7)“neithereither of+复数名词或代词”做主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。e.g.：Neither of the twin brothers has passed the exam 这对双胞胎兄弟谁都没通过考试。8)“many amore than one十名词单数”结构在意义上是复数，但谓语动词用单数形式。e.g.：Many a student takes apart-time job in spare time,2.并列结构 并列结构也是汉译英的一个考查重点，经常由eitheror，not onlybut also，butand，neithernor，notbut等短语连接。翻译时要注意并列结构前后形式上的一致性。e.g.I was advised_(或者打电话或者写信给该旅店订房)答案：either to telephone or to write to the hotel for reservations.考点：本题考查平行结构。解析：“eitheror”常用于连接平行结构，表示句中连接的是并列的不定式结构。,3祈使句 祈使句常用于表示命令、要求、建议、鼓励等，一般要求以动词原形开头，句首或句尾常会加上please。汉译英中往往要求考生能够根据句子要表达的意思使用正确的祈使句形式。例(2007年6月第90题)90To make donations or for more information，please_(按以下地址和我们联系)答案：contact us at the following address 考点：本题考查祈使句。解析：空格前的please提示该句应为祈使句，因此应该以动词原形开头。“与某人联系”一般用动词contact，“以下地址”通常表达为the following address，介词at与其一起构成介宾短语。,4it充当形式主语或形式宾语 为了使句子结构更加清晰对称，经常会用it代替不定式、动名词短语或从句，在句中充当形式主语，而将真正的主语置于句子后面。当动名词或不定式做动词宾语，后面又跟有宾语补足语时，须用it充当形式宾语，而将真正的宾语(动名词或不定式)置于宾补之后。e.g._(真的不关你的事)where I spend my holidays答案：Its really not your businessIts really no business of yours考点：本题考查形式主语it。解析：根据句意可知，句子的主语是从句where I spend my holidays，它后置以后，应该用it充当形式主语。,四、重点句式和短语扫雷 四级考试大纲中涉及的词汇、短语和一些重点的句式结构也是四级汉译英考查的重点，今天我们的任务就是掌握一些汉译英中常考到的重点句式和短语。但是需要注意的是，汉译英中所涉及的句式和短语比较广泛，仅靠临时复习还不够，更重要的是要靠平时的积累和针对性的强化训练。句式和短语陈列1.强调句型例(2006年12月第89题)：Many people think that _体育锻炼的确有助于身体健康)答案：physical exercise does contribute directly to a persons health.考点：本题考查强调句型及短语contribute to 解析：表示“有助于”可以用be good to，help to，contribute to,由所给汉语中的“的确”可知该句应该强调谓语动词，故应该在动词前加上does,2.对比和比较结构汉译英中所涉及的比较句式和短语有：asas同级比较结构;nothing is more than(没什么比更)just as(正如,正像);no more/less()than(不过,仅仅);morethan(与其不如)compared with(和相比)in contrast to(与形成对比),例(2006年12月第88题)88Since my childhood I have found that_-(没有什么比读书对我更有吸引力)答案：nothing is more attractive to me than reading考点：本题考查比较句式。解析：表示“没有什么比更”一般用句式Nothing is morethan。attractive(有吸引力的)为多音节词，比较级形式为more attractive；“对有吸引力”用be attractive to sb 来表示。汉语中的一些动宾结构在英语中常用动名词表示，比如唱歌singing，跳舞dancing，开车 driving等，因此“读书”用reading表示。,3.表示倍数的句式 英语中表示倍数的方法有三种：1)twicethree times等倍数词+比较对象e.g.：I have to pay double the usual fare。我不得不按正常价格的两倍支付。2)twicethree times等倍数词+as+形容词或副词原级十ase.g.：The population of City A is three times as many as that of City BA市的人口是B市人口的三倍。3)twicethree times等倍数词+more(形容词/副词的比较级或名词)+than。e.g.：The population of City A is twice more than that of City B A市的人口比B中多两倍。,另外，表示“增加上升下降”等含义的句式，也是汉译英测试的一个重点，翻译时要注意介词的使用。“increasedecrease by表示“增加下降了多少”，“increasedecrease to”表示“增加下降到多少”。e.g.：The production of the crop has increased by three times compared with that of last year和去年相比，该作物的产量已经增加了三倍。e.g.Although he eats less，_(他的体重却是我的三倍)答案：his weight is three times that of minehe is three times as heavy as me考点：本题考查倍数的表达法。解析：翻译时注意比较对象的一致性，前面是his weight，后面就应该用that of mine，that代替weight.,4.动名词的固定结构，英语中有很多包含动名词的固定结构，主要有：there is no doing(是不可能的)；it is no use doing(没有用)；cant help doing(禁不住)；on doing(刚一)；feel like doing(喜欢，想要)；be busy doing(忙于)；be worth doingbe worthy of being done(值得)；have difficultytroublefuna hard timea good time(in)doing(做有困难趣)preventstopkeephinder from doing(阻止做某事)begetbecome used to doing(习惯于)等。,例(2009年6月第87题)：87.Soon after he transferred to the new school，Ali found that he had_(很难跟上班里的同学)答案：difficulty(in)keeping up with his classmates考点：本题考查动名词的固定结构have difficulty(in)doing sth。解析：表示“做某事有困难”常用have difficulty(in)doing sth，句中已给出的had也提示此处应该用该短语来表达。表示“跟上”常用keep up with或catch up with。,