英语专业词汇学课件Derivation.ppt
Derivation,English Lexicology(II),2,Derivation,Definition of DerivationPrefixation:Definition/ClassificationSuffixation:Definition/Classification,English Lexicology(II),3,I.Derivation/Affixation,1.The definition of DerivationDerivation may be defined as a process of forming new words by the addition of a word element,such as a prefix,suffix or combining form,to an already existing word.,English Lexicology(II),4,2.Combining form:,eg.auto-hydro-tele-hydro-macro-hypro-,Intro-Intra-scope-graphy-logy,English Lexicology(II),5,II.Prefixation,2.1 The definition of prefixationPrefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems.Prefixes do not generally change the word-class of the stem but only modify its meaning.However,there is an insignificant number of class-changing prefixesNon-class-changing prefixes:natural-unnatural,like-dislike,fair-unfair Class-changing prefixes:force-enforce,danger-endanger,form-deform,little-belittle,war-postwar,college-intercollege,English Lexicology(II),6,2.2 The classification of prefixesIn some reference books,prefixes(and suffixes)are classified according to their source,but this does not seem to help from a practical point of view.It seems more helpful to classify the most important productive prefixes by their meaning into the following ten categories:,English Lexicology(II),7,1)Negative prefixes,English Lexicology(II),8,OrderLiterateSymmetryGovernmental RelevantProductiveBelievable,DisorderIlliterateAsymmetryNongovernmental IrrelevantUnproductiveUnbelievable,English Lexicology(II),9,VulnerableSaneRelated AlignedMature,InvulnerableInsaneUnrelatedNonalignedImmature,English Lexicology(II),10,2)Reversative or privative,English Lexicology(II),11,CentralizePlaneInfectZip RegulatePossessPollute,DecentralizeDeplaneDisinfect Unzip DeregulateDispossess Depollute,English Lexicology(II),12,3)Pejorative prefixes,English Lexicology(II),13,4)Prefixes of degree or size,English Lexicology(II),14,English Lexicology(II),15,ComputerCriticalConsciousNaturalSensitiveSimpleNumberStatementculture,MinicomputerUltracritic/hypercriticSubconsciousSupernaturalHypersensitive/ultrasensitiveOversimpleOutnumberUnderstatementSubculture,English Lexicology(II),16,5)Prefixes of orientation and attitude,English Lexicology(II),17,6)Locative prefixes,English Lexicology(II),18,ViewConferenceContinentalGroundCastpacificRacialShore,InterviewteleconferenceIntercontinentalForegroundTelecast TranspacificTransracial Foreshore,English Lexicology(II),19,7)Prefixes of time and order,English Lexicology(II),20,8)Number prefixes,English Lexicology(II),21,Note:Bimonthly is notoriously ambiguous,in that it can mean either every two months or twice every month.Biweekly has the same ambiguity.Biennial normally has only the meaning every two years in contrast with biannual,twice a year,but many speakers find it as ambiguous as bimonthly.,English Lexicology(II),22,semi-(half):semicircle,semiannuallyuni(one)uniform,unilateralbi(two):bicuspid,bicepstri(three):triangle,triplequad/quadri(four):quadruple,quadrant quadrilateralquinque(five):quinquagenariansex(six):sexennial,sextet(te)sept(seven):September,English Lexicology(II),23,oct(eight):October,octavonona(nine):nonagon,nonagenariandec(ten):December,decimalpoly(many):polygon,polychromaticcenti(100):centigrade,centimetre.centipedemilli(1000):millennium,millepedemulti(many):multitude,multiple,English Lexicology(II),24,hemi(half):hemisphere,hemicyclemono(mon/one):monocle,monographdi(two):diphthong,dioxidetetra(four):tetrameterpenta(five):pentagon,pentameterhexa(six):hexameterhecto(hundred):hectolitre,hectometre,English Lexicology(II),25,English Lexicology(II),26,English Lexicology(II),27,Lingual Lateral Polar Dimensional,Unilingual,bilingual,trilingual,multilingualUnilateral,bilateral,trilateral,multilateralUnipolar,bipolar,tripolar,multipolarUnidimensional,bidimensional,tridimensional(three-dimensional),multidimensional,English Lexicology(II),28,9)Conversion prefixes,English Lexicology(II),29,10)Miscellaneous prefixes,English Lexicology(II),30,III.Suffixation,3.1 The definition of suffixationSuffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems.Unlike prefixes which primarily change the meaning of the stem,suffixes have only a small semantic role,their primary function being to change the grammatical function of stems.In other words,they mainly change the word class.However,they may also add attached meaning to the stem.,English Lexicology(II),31,3.2 The classification of suffixesSince suffixes mainly change the word class,we shall group suffixes on a grammatical basis into1)noun suffixes 2)adjective suffixes3)adverb suffixes4)verb suffixes,English Lexicology(II),32,1)Noun suffixesNoun suffixes may be subdivided into the following five kinds.Denominal nouns(concrete or abstract)Deverbal nounsDe-adjectival nounsNoun and adjective suffixes,English Lexicology(II),33,1)Noun suffixes,English Lexicology(II),34,1)Noun suffixes,English Lexicology(II),35,1)Noun suffixes,English Lexicology(II),36,5.3 Suffixation,1)Noun suffixes,English Lexicology(II),37,5.3 Suffixation,1)Noun suffixes,English Lexicology(II),38,5.3 Suffixation,2)Adjective Suffixes,English Lexicology(II),39,5.3 Suffixation,2)Adjective Suffixes,English Lexicology(II),40,5.3 Suffixation,2)Adjective Suffixes,English Lexicology(II),41,5.3 Suffixation,3)Adverb Suffixes,English Lexicology(II),42,5.3 Suffixation,4)Verb suffixes,English Lexicology(II),43,5.3 Suffixation,FalseSterileIntenseFatHorrorMemoryApology,FalsifySterilizeIntensifyFattenHorrifyMemorizeApologize,
