英汉句子结构的对比.ppt
英汉句子结构对比,英语主语突出常用无灵主语叙述多呈静态组句多焦点透视句式呈树式结构思维重逻辑句式严谨规范,汉语主题突出有灵主语叙述多呈动态组句多散点透视句式呈竹状结构思维重语感句式灵活多变,英语主语显著，汉语主题显著英语句子的结构：主语+谓语汉语句子的结构：主题+述题例1：他会干这件事我不放心。译文一：I dont believe that he should have done such things.译文二：That he should have done such things I dont believe.,例2：在桌子上他放了一本书。译文1：On the desk he put a book.译文2：He put a book on the desk.例3：昨天的事多亏你帮忙。译文1：Thank you for your help yesterday.译文2：I own you a lot for your help yesterday.例4：His learning I admire,but his character I despise.,英语句子中主语的处理英译汉时主语可译成：主谓结构；主题+述题结构；无主句。汉译英时应根据语境及译入语的习惯处理一，主语对译例5：Groundwater,which in its natural state is more protected than surface water,is the preferred source of drinking water for cities.,例6：五四运动是反帝国主义的运动，又是反封建主义的运动。The May 4th Movement was an anti-imperialist as well as an anti-feudal movement.二，改变原句主语例7：Electricity can pass through the carbon grains more easily when they are pressed together than when they are spread apart.,例8：Areas which are far from the sea or sheltered by high mountains usually receive air that has already lost all,or nearly all its humidity.例9：这种水泵的主要特点是操作简便。三，英语的主谓结构译成汉语无主句英语it,that,what等代词作抽象主语时，译成汉语时省略，译成无主句。反之，汉语的无主句英译时，则要有适当的主语。,例10：It is hard work,but it has to be done.例11：可以在车床上车削各种形状和尺寸的螺纹。It is possible to cut all thread forms and sizes on a lathe.四，英语主谓结构与汉语“主题+述题”结构对译例12：Its no legend.My father knew the two men involved.译一，这不是传奇，我父亲认识那两个涉及这场悲剧的人。译二，那可不是传奇，那两个与惨案有关的人我父亲都认识的。,英语特殊结构汉译时主语的选择英语的被动句英语的被动句表述客观的实事和态度，多用于科技文章、新闻报道、书刊介绍、景物描写等，汉语被动句表示发生的不愉快的事实。一，保留主语，谓语动词可用“被”结构，也可转换为主动语态。例13：They were defeated by themselves,rather than by their enemies.,例14：Many basins were formed by the subsidence of the earths crust.例15：A prototype of another display,called the Military E-book,should be completed next January or February.二，用“我们、人们、大家”等表泛指的代词充当译语主语。例16：The existence of oil wells has been known for a long time.例17：After many years,regular mail carriers on horseback were hired.,三，译成无主句，特别是英语中一些表示观点、态度、要求、告诫、号召的被动句。例18：Felling trees is forbidden.Where can you be reached?As the armature strike the bar beneath it,a sharp click is heard.It is imperative that the students be taught what they should learn.,有灵主语与无灵主语的对译例19：The happinessthe superior advantages of the young women round about her,gave Rebecca inexpressible pangs of envy.例20：他们对市场经济一无所知，他们公司因而受了很大的损失。,动态与静态表示动作意义时，汉语多用动词，英语多用名词（特别是抽象名次）和介词短语，同时使用形容词、副词及表示状态的弱式动词（be,have,become,grow,feel,go,come,get,do等）和虚化动词（have a look,take a walk,make an attempt,pay a visit,do harm to sb,do shopping,do some reading等）等各种手段表示动作意义。另外，英语句子的谓语动词在句中一般只有一个，其他的动词通常变成非谓语形式、或名词化等使整个叙述呈现静态。,英语介词译成汉语动词例21，At six,my friend and his wife were in the tunnel on their way into New York for a seven oclock appointment.7.3.2 英语名词，尤其是抽象名词，译成汉语动词例22，Motorola is the pre-eminent supplier of equipment to a global industry with some 100 million users.,英语形容词译成动词例24，Weak loan demand and low interest rates at home have prompted a scramble among Japanese banks to foist credit on Asian(especially Chinese)borrowers.,英语非谓语动词（不定式、动名词和分词）译成汉语的谓语动词例25，Everyone recognizes the importance of speaking English well.In school one of the chief things to learn and to practice may be the reading and writing of English,but in everyday life we convey our thoughts to other people by speaking far more often than by writing.,替代与重复一，英语往往用代词来替代上文刚出现过的名词，而汉语则更习惯于重复名词。例26，The concepts of electric energy and power are intimately associated with the corresponding ones considered in basic mechanics.例27，我们先到梅雨亭。梅雨亭正对着那条瀑布；坐在亭边不必仰头，便可见它的全体了。,二，英语中的代动词及代动词词组，如：do,do so,do it,do that,do this,do the same 等，往往用重复法译成动词。反之亦然。例28，-Tell me who did it,and well let you go right away.-I will never do that.例29，革命是解放生产力，改革也是解放生产力。,三，英语中的替代句型，如：so+do+主语，so+主语+do,so+be+主语，so+主语+be,so+will+主语，so+主语+will,if so等，通常用重复法译成汉语。例30，“By the way,”he added,“have you any free time this afternoon?If so,why dont you have tea in the lighthouse?”,句子的分译一，句子的分译即把一个由多个成分盘根错节地组合而成的英语长句分译成若干个较短的汉语。例31，The trouble with the digital revolution is that computers may have speeded up many of the processes of modern life,but they still remain relatively difficult to use.,例32，The real challenges is how to create systems with many components that can work together and change,merging the physical world with the digital world.二，搭配关系的语言差异例33，He smiled at that,with a rueful curve of his lips,but his eyes were alight with an emotion she was afraid to identify.例34，That is a NATO matter and any comment on it should appropriately come from NATO.,例35,Both peaks are majestically towering high mountains and are blessed with paradise status,or in Chinese Shangri-la.例36,What is surely and identifiably unique about the human species is not its possession of certain faculties or physical characteristics,but what it has done with themits achievement,or history,in fact.,英语长句的翻译英语是综合分析语，可以综合运用形态变化、词序、和虚词这三大语法手段来表达复杂的思想。汉语缺乏形态变化，在表达复杂思想时使用短句、分句和流水句，按照时间顺序和逻辑顺序排列。翻译英汉长句的五个步骤：一，削去枝蔓，找出主干；二，条分缕析，理清关系；三，确定单位，各个击破；四，调整搭配，重新组合；五，核对原句，润饰译句,确定单位，各个击破转换单位，是指原文中的这样一种语言单位，作为整体，它可以在译文中找到自己的对应物，但它自身的各个组成部分在译文中则不一定是一一对应的。最佳转换单位是小句：前后都有停顿并有句调表示的语言形式。英语的小句可分为三类：限定式小句（从句）；非限定式小句（非限定式动词及短语）；无动词小句（省略了动词或主语的从句）。,调整搭配，重新组合一，调整语序：顺译；逆译；分译；综合译法汉语行文的线性思维决定了表述顺序是时间顺序和逻辑顺序,二，适当使用关联词语英语重形和，语法呈显性，造句注重形式接应，句中多用关联词语。汉语重意合，语法呈隐性，造句重逻辑事理顺序，以神统形，少用关联词语，其语法意义和逻辑关系常常隐含在字里行间。I couldt see why the worker who works and produces gets paid less than the manager who sits on his chair and does nothing.,
