经济学原理课件第一章.ppt

Measuring a Nations Income,Economics,P R I N C I P L E S O F,N.Gregory Mankiw,Premium PowerPoint Slides by Ron Cronovich,23,In this chapter,look for the answers to these questions:,What is Gross Domestic Product(GDP)?How is GDP related to a nations total income and spending?What are the components of GDP?How is GDP corrected for inflation?Does GDP measure societys well-being?,1,MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME,2,Micro vs.Macro,Microeconomics:The study of how individual households and firms make decisions,interact with one another in markets.Macroeconomics:The study of the economy as a whole.We begin our study of macroeconomics with the countrys total income and expenditure.,MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME,3,Income and Expenditure,Gross Domestic Product(GDP)measures total income of everyone in the economy.GDP also measures total expenditure on the economys output of g&s.,For the economy as a whole,income equals expenditure because every dollar a buyer spends is a dollar of income for the seller.,MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME,4,The Circular-Flow Diagram,a simple depiction of the macroeconomyillustrates GDP as spending,revenue,factor payments,and incomePreliminaries:Factors of production are inputs like labor,land,capital,and natural resources.Factor payments are payments to the factors of production(e.g.,wages,rent).,MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME,5,The Circular-Flow Diagram,Households:own the factors of production,sell/rent them to firms for incomebuy and consume goods&services,Firms:buy/hire factors of production,use them to produce goods and servicessell goods&services,MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME,6,The Circular-Flow Diagram,MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME,7,What This Diagram Omits,The governmentcollects taxes,buys g&sThe financial systemmatches savers supply of funds with borrowers demand for loansThe foreign sectortrades g&s,financial assets,and currencies with the countrys residents,MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME,8,the market value of all final goods&services produced within a country in a given period of time.,Gross Domestic Product(GDP)Is,Goods are valued at their market prices,so:,All goods measured in the same units(e.g.,dollars in the U.S.)Things that dont have a market value are excluded,e.g.,housework you do for yourself.,MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME,9,the market value of all final goods&services produced within a country in a given period of time.,Gross Domestic Product(GDP)Is,Final goods:intended for the end user,Intermediate goods:used as components or ingredients in the production of other goods GDP only includes final goods they already embody the value of the intermediate goods used in their production.,MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME,10,the market value of all final goods&services produced within a country in a given period of time.,Gross Domestic Product(GDP)Is,GDP includes tangible goods(like DVDs,mountain bikes,beer),and intangible services(dry cleaning,concerts,cell phone service).,MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME,11,the market value of all final goods&services produced within a country in a given period of time.,Gross Domestic Product(GDP)Is,GDP includes currently produced goods,not goods produced in the past.,MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME,12,the market value of all final goods&services produced within a country in a given period of time.,Gross Domestic Product(GDP)Is,GDP measures the value of production that occurs within a countrys borders,whether done by its own citizens or by foreigners located there.,MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME,13,the market value of all final goods&services produced within a country in a given period of time.,Gross Domestic Product(GDP)Is,Usually a year or a quarter(3 months),MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME,14,The Components of GDP,Recall:GDP is total spending.Four components:Consumption(C)Investment(I)Government Purchases(G)Net Exports(NX)These components add up to GDP(denoted Y):,Y=C+I+G+NX,MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME,15,Consumption(C),is total spending by households on g&s.Note on housing costs:For renters,consumption includes rent payments.For homeowners,consumption includes the imputed rental value of the house,but not the purchase price or mortgage payments.,MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME,16,Investment(I),is total spending on goods that will be used in the future to produce more goods.includes spending oncapital equipment(e.g.,machines,tools)structures(factories,office buildings,houses)inventories(goods produced but not yet sold),Note:“Investment”does not mean the purchase of financial assets like stocks and bonds.,MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME,17,Government Purchases(G),is all spending on the g&s purchased by govt at the federal,state,and local levels.G excludes transfer payments,such as Social Security or unemployment insurance benefits.They are not purchases of g&s.,MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME,18,Net Exports(NX),NX=exports importsExports represent foreign spending on the economys g&s.Imports are the portions of C,I,and G that are spent on g&s produced abroad.Adding up all the components of GDP gives:,Y=C+I+G+NX,MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME,19,U.S.GDP and Its Components,2007,In each of the following cases,determine how much GDP and each of its components is affected(if at all).A.Debbie spends$200 to buy her husband dinner at the finest restaurant in Boston.B.Sarah spends$1800 on a new laptop to use in her publishing business.The laptop was built in China.C.Jane spends$1200 on a computer to use in her editing business.She got last years model on sale for a great price from a local manufacturer.D.General Motors builds$500 million worth of cars,but consumers only buy$470 million worth of them.,A C T I V E L E A R N I N G 1 GDP and its components,A.Debbie spends$200 to buy her husband dinner at the finest restaurant in Boston.Consumption and GDP rise by$200.B.Sarah spends$1800 on a new laptop to use in her publishing business.The laptop was built in China.Investment rises by$1800,net exports fall by$1800,GDP is unchanged.,A C T I V E L E A R N I N G 1 Answers,21,C.Jane spends$1200 on a computer to use in her editing business.She got last years model on sale for a great price from a local manufacturer.Current GDP and investment do not change,because the computer was built last year.D.General Motors builds$500 million worth of cars,but consumers only buy$470 million of them.Consumption rises by$470 million,inventory investment rises by$30 million,and GDP rises by$500 million.,A C T I V E L E A R N I N G 1 Answers,22,MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME,23,Real versus Nominal GDP,Inflation can distort economic variables like GDP,so we have two versions of GDP:One is corrected for inflation,the other is not.Nominal GDP values output using current prices.It is not corrected for inflation.Real GDP values output using the prices of a base year.Real GDP is corrected for inflation.,MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME,24,EXAMPLE:,Compute nominal GDP in each year:2005:$10 x 400+$2 x 1000=$6,0002006:$11 x 500+$2.50 x 1100=$8,2502007:$12 x 600+$3 x 1200=$10,800,Increase:,MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME,25,EXAMPLE:,Compute real GDP in each year,using 2005 as the base year:,Increase:,2005:$10 x 400+$2 x 1000=$6,0002006:$10 x 500+$2 x 1100=$7,2002007:$10 x 600+$2 x 1200=$8,400,MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME,26,EXAMPLE:,In each year,nominal GDP is measured using the(then)current prices.real GDP is measured using constant prices from the base year(2005 in this example).,MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME,27,EXAMPLE:,The change in nominal GDP reflects both prices and quantities.,The change in real GDP is the amount that GDP would change if prices were constant(i.e.,if zero inflation).,Hence,real GDP is corrected for inflation.,Nominal and Real GDP in the U.S.,1965-2007,Real GDP(base year 2000),Nominal GDP,28,MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME,29,The GDP Deflator,The GDP deflator is a measure of the overall level of prices.Definition:,One way to measure the economys inflation rate is to compute the percentage increase in the GDP deflator from one year to the next.,MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME,30,EXAMPLE:,Compute the GDP deflator in each year:,A C T I V E L E A R N I N G 2 Computing GDP,31,Use the above data to solve these problems:A.Compute nominal GDP in 2007.B.Compute real GDP in 2008.C.Compute the GDP deflator in 2009.,A C T I V E L E A R N I N G 2 Answers,32,A.Compute nominal GDP in 2007.$30 x 900+$100 x 192=$46,200B.Compute real GDP in 2008.$30 x 1000+$100 x 200=$50,000,A C T I V E L E A R N I N G 2 Answers,33,C.Compute the GDP deflator in 2009.Nom GDP=$36 x 1050+$100 x 205=$58,300 Real GDP=$30 x 1050+$100 x 205=$52,000 GDP deflator=100 x(Nom GDP)/(Real GDP)=100 x($58,300)/($52,000)=112.1,MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME,34,GDP and Economic Well-Being,Real GDP per capita is the main indicator of the average persons standard of living.But GDP is not a perfect measure of well-being.Robert Kennedy issued a very eloquent yet harsh criticism of GDP:,Gross Domestic Product,“does not allow for the health of our children,the quality of their education,or the joy of their play.,It does not include the beauty of our poetry or the strength of our marriages,the intelligence of our public debate or the integrity of our public officials.,It measures neither our courage,nor our wisdom,nor our devotion to our country.,It measures everything,in short,except that which makes life worthwhile,and it can tell us everything about America except why we are proud that we are Americans.”-Senator Robert Kennedy,1968,35,MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME,36,GDP Does Not Value:,the quality of the environmentleisure timenon-market activity,such as the child care a parent provides his or her child at homean equitable distribution of income,MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME,37,Then Why Do We Care About GDP?,Having a large GDP enables a country to afford better schools,a cleaner environment,health care,etc.Many indicators of the quality of life are positively correlated with GDP.For example,GDP and Life Expectancy in 12 countries,38,Life expectancy(years),Real GDP per capita,U.S.,Germany,Japan,Mexico,Russia,Brazil,China,India,Indonesia,Pakistan,Bangladesh,Nigeria,GDP and Literacy in 12 countries,39,Adult Literacy(%of population),Real GDP per capita,U.S.,Germany,Japan,Mexico,Russia,Brazil,China,India,Indonesia,Nigeria,Pakistan,Bangladesh,GDP and Internet Usage in 12 countries,40,Internet Usage(%of population),Real GDP per capita,U.S.,Germany,Japan,Mexico,Russia,Brazil,China,India,Indonesia,Nigeria,Bangladesh,Pakistan,CHAPTER SUMMARY,Gross Domestic Product(GDP)measures a countrys total income and expenditure.The four spending components of GDP include:Consumption,Investment,Government Purchases,and Net Exports.Nominal GDP is measured using current prices.Real GDP is measured using the prices of a constant base year and is corrected for inflation.GDP is the main indicator of a countrys economic well-being,even though it is not perfect.,41,