现在分词短语(唐玲玲).ppt
英语师范5班 唐玲玲,现在分词短语,Present Participle,现在分词的结构 现在分词的结构含义现在分词的句法功能 独立主格结构,现在分词的结构,(否定式:在现在分词的前面直接加not),1.现在分词的主动式的一般式和完成式。一般式用来指和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生的行为。完成式(having+过去分词)用来指在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生的动作。,现在分词的结构含义,Being a student,he was interested in books.Having studied in university for 3 years,he knows the way very well.,2.现在分词的被动式的一般式和完成式。当句子的主语是分词动作的承受者时,分词用被动语式;如果强调分词的动作先于谓语的动作,就用分词完成式被动形式。,The question being discussed is important.Having been criticized by the teacher,Li Ming gave up smoking.,BACK,现在分词,作定语,作状语,作表语,作宾补,作时间状语作原因状语 作条件状语 作让步状语 作结果状语 作伴随或方式状语,现在分词作定语,作前置定语:doing+名词 单个词(包括合成词)放在被修饰的名词之前作后置定语:名词+doing分词短语放在被修饰的名词之后,相当于定语从句,e.g.1.boiling water/fading flowers/a drowning man,2.The boy sitting under that tree is my brother.The boy who is sitting under that tree is my brother.,【注】现在分词短语用作名词后置定语的限制,1用作名词后置定语的现在分词所表达的时间意义的限制。,动词的现在分词本身并不表达时间意义,也不表示任何时态,但它体现的时间概念不是任意的,要受到一定的限制在时间上应体现出“同时性”,也就是说,它所反映的时间要么句中谓语动词表示的动作同时,要么与说话人说话的时间同时。如:,e.g.The man driving lorry was drunk驾驶货车的那个人喝醉了酒。,【句中的driving可理解为司机开车时处于“醉”的状态,“开车”与“醉”同时,与说话人描述此事时不同时;也可以理解为“现在在开车”的司机以前“醉”过,driving与说话人说话的时间同时。】,2用作名词后置定语的现在分词短语的体的限制。,现在分词短语用作名词后置定语时,由于它具有“同时性”的特点,这里对构成现在分词短语的动词都有一个最基本的要求,即必须与句中谓语动词所表达的时间意义具有“同时性”。有的瞬间动词,特别是表示“某个时点”完成动作的瞬间动词,它所表示的动作是瞬间完成,既不能表示正在进行,也不表示状态,其现在分词不可能具有“同时性”,因此,这类瞬间动词不能用作名词的后置定语。,I want to talk to the boy breaking that cup Do you know anyone losing a cat?,典型错误,但是,有些表示在“一个极短暂时段内”完成动作的瞬间动词,如start,leave等,则可以用其现在分词短语结构作名词的后置定语。如:In our desire to modernizeThe seven years starting from now are crucial ones我们切望实现现代化,这中间从现在起的七年是关键。,who broke,Who has lost,现在分词作定语与定语从句的转换,1定语从句不宜转换成现在分词短语后置定语的情况。,(1)在that+介词短语+定语从句的结构中,that意为something,该结构经常出现在there be和have之后,其中的定语从句不宜转换成现在分词短语后置定语。如:,There is that in John which disarms you however angry you are at him.不管你对约翰怎么生气,他总有办法使你的怒气化为乌有。He has that in his teaching methods which makes his lessons quite easy 他的教学方法中有某种因素,使他的学生感到功课很容易。,(2)由于作定语的现在分词表示的是未完成的、正在进行的动作,所以,定语从句的谓语动词是be动词或一般不用进行体的瞬间动词,或含有情态动词,该从句通常不宜转换成现在分词短语后置定语。如:,If water is clear,it will contain no fish;men who are too cautious will never gain wisdom,He who can handle a writingbrush will never have to beg,水至清则无鱼;人太谨则无智。,会拿笔,不求乞。,(3)定语从句中谓语动词的动作既不与说话时间同时,又不与主句谓语的动作同时,或者是用的完成体,该定语从句不宜换成现在分词短语后置定语。如:The comrade who came this morning is our company commander今天上午来的那位同志是我们的连长。,(4)当定语从句与其先行词被句子的其他成分隔离开来时,该定语从句也不宜变成现在分词短语后置定语。如:There are no feasts in the world which do not break up last天下无不散的宴席。,)定语从句的先行词为动词非谓语形式时,该从句不宜转换为现在分词短语后置定语,如:Learning which does not advance each day will daily decrease.学不日益则日损。,现在分词短语后置定语不宜转换成定语从句的情况。,()There be主语现在分词短语的结构通常不能转换成定语从句。如:I am afraid theres some troublesome brewing.恐怕有麻烦事要发生。There s something coming to him有事情要发生在他身上。()有一些固定的现在分词表达形式不可转换成定语从句。如:This is the best television going.这是现有的最好的电视。,三、现在分词短语作后置定语与定语从句的差别,从表达的明晰度来看,定语从句较现在分词短语后置定语明晰度高。,Come tomorrow and give the application to the man who will be sitting at that desk.明天再来,把申请表交给坐在那张桌子前的人。,定语从句中用了将来时的进行体,清晰地表明了将来时间。,Come tomorrow and give the application to the man sitting at that desk.,现在分词短语作后置定语,句中的现在分词sitting可以表达两种时间上的含义,一是表达将来时间含义,与你来的时间“同时”;二是表达现在的时间含义,说话时此人坐在桌子前。,2.从语义上来说:现在分词短语作后置定语时具有逻辑上的谓语性质,其概念是从被修饰的主体出发的,所以,它和主体有紧密的语义系,给人的感觉是现在分词表达的动作或状态都是被修饰的名词本身所反映出来的。定语从句则是从说话人的角度出发,反映了说话人的看法,因此,它与先行词之间的语义关系相对于现在分词短语来说就松散一些。,Tell the children playing there not to make so much noise.,Tell the children who are playing there not to make so much noise.,让那些在那儿玩的小孩别那么吵。,句中的 the children playing 给人以直观印象,不带说话人的主观色彩;句中的 the children who are playing 是说话人告知的“孩子们在玩”。,现在分词作状语,现在分词在句中作状语,修饰谓语动词或整个句子,表示动作发生的原因、时间、方式、结果、条件、伴随状况等。现在分词一般不用作表目的地状语(通常用不定式表目的地状语)。其逻辑主语一般是句中的主语,如果不是,需在V-ing 形式前加名词或代词主格作逻辑主语。,A.作时间状语:_(wander)through the square,I caught sight of a snake-charmer.While I was wandering through the square,I caught sight of a snake-charmer.,Wandering,B.作原因状语:_(know)her address,we could get in touch with her.Because we knew her address,we could get in touch with her.,Knowing,C.方式/伴随状语;She watched the film,_(weep)and _(sigh).She watched the film,while she wept and sighed.,weeping,sighing,D.作条件状语:_(play)all day,you will waste your valuable time.If you play all day,you will waste your valuable time.,Playing,E.作结果状语:(意料中的结果)The hunters fired,_(shoot)one of the wolves.,shooting,区别:不定式表示意外的结果 He hurried to the station,only _(find)the train had left.,to find,F.作让步状语:_(rain)heavily,it cleared up very soon.Though it rained heavily,it cleared up very soon.,Raining,现在分词作表语,e.g.The news is inspiring.,1.The result of the test was rather_.A.disappointed B.disappointing C.being disappointed D.disappoint,2.His father seems _ with his results.A.pleasing B.please C.pleased D.to please,现在分词作宾补,1 感官动词see,watch,hear,feel,notice等后接现在分词作宾语补足语,表示该动作正在进行。,I saw him running down the street.我看见他沿着街跑。I felt an ant climbing over my leg.我感到一只蚂蚁正在我的腿上爬。,2.have,leave,keep等使役动词后接现在分词作宾语补足语,表示“使处于某种状态”。,I would have him waiting for me at the gate of the park.我要他在公园门口等我。Sorry I kept you waiting a long time.对不起,让您久等了。,BACK,现在分词的独立主格,(1)独立主格,又叫独立结构,在句中作状语。它没有主语和谓语,只有逻辑上的主语,因此,它在句法上不是句子,而是一个独立于句子成分之外的独特结构形式。(2)独立主格结构可置于句首、句尾,用逗号与主句隔开。独立主格结构可分为两部分,一部分是名词或代词(主格),起着逻辑主语的作用;另一部分由形容词、副词、名词、分词、不定式、介词短语等构成,表示前面名词或代词的状态、状况或动作。,名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词;名词(代词)+形容词;名词(代词)+副词;名词(代词)+不定式;名词(代词)+介词短语构成,He entered the room,his nose red with cold.(名词/代词+形容词)He lay on his back,his hands behind his head.(名词/代词+介词短语),BYE-BYE,