环境科学专业英语8.ppt
Municipal Solid Waste,如何写英文摘要,内容：英文摘要的内容要求与中文摘要一样，包括目的、方法、结果和结论四部分。1）目的研究、研制、调查等的前提、目的和任务，所涉及的主题范围。2）方法所用的原理、理论、条件、对象、材料、工艺、结构、手段、装备、程序等。3）结果实验的、研究的结果、数据，被确定的关系，观察结果，得到的效果、性能等。4）结论结果的分析、研究、比较、评价、应用，提出的问题等。,篇幅：国际会议要求的论文摘要的字数不等，一般为200字-500字。而国际刊物要求所刊登的论文摘要的字数通常是100字-200字。摘要的位置一般放在一篇文章的最前面，内容上涵盖全文，并直接点明全旨。语言上要求尽量简炼。摘要通常多采用第三人称撰写。,人称：摘要通常多采用第三人称撰写。,时态：大体可概括为以下几点1）叙述研究过程，多采用一般过去时。2）在采用一般过去时叙述研究过程当中提及在此过程之前发生的事，宜采用过去完成时。3）说明某课题现已取得的成果，宜采用现在完成时。4）摘要开头表示本文所报告或描述的内容，以及摘要结尾表示作者所认为的观点和建议的做法时，可采用一般现在时。,语态：在多数情况下采用被动语态。但在某些情况下，特别是表达作者或有关专家的观点时，可用主动语态，其优点是鲜明有力。,掌握一定的遣词造句技巧的目的是便于简单、准确的表达作者的观点，减少读者的误解。1、用词力求简单，在表达同样意思时，尽量用短词代替长词，以常用词代替生僻词。但是当描述方法、步骤时，应该用狭义词代替广义词。例如，英文中有不少动词，do,run,get,take等，虽简单常用，但其意义少则十几个，多则几十个，用这类词来描述研究过程，读者难免产生误解，甚至会不知所云，这就要求根据具体情况，选择意义相对明确的词，诸如perform,achieve等，以便于读者理解。,相同的信息不要重复表达,以量的国际单位符号表示物理量单位（例如，以“kg”代替“kilogram”）。,以标准简化方法表示英文通用词（以“NY”代替“New York”）。,避免使用动词的名词形式。如：正：“Thickness of plastic sheet was measured”误：“measurement of thickness of plastic sheet was made”,正确地使用冠词，既应避免多加冠词，也应避免蹩脚地省略冠词。如：正：“Pressure is a function of the temperature”误：“The pressure is a function of the temperature”,使用长的、连串的形容词、名词、或形容词加名词，来修饰名词。为打破这种状态，可使用介词短语，或用连字符连接名词词组中的名词，形成修饰单元。例如：应写为“The chlorine-containing propylene-based polymer of high melt index”，而不写为“The chlorine containing high melt index-propylene based polymer”,2、造句1）熟悉英文摘要的常用句型：尽管英文的句型种类繁多，丰富多彩，但摘要的常用句型却很有限，而且形成了一定的规律，大体可归纳为（1）表示研究目的，常用在摘要之首In order toThis paper describesThe purpose of this study is（2）表示研究的对象与方法The curative effect/sensitivity/function of certain drug/kit/organ.was observed/detected/studied（3）表示研究的结果：The result showed/It proved/The authors found that（4）表示结论、观点或建议：The authors suggest/conclude/consider that,2）尽量采用-ing 分词和-ed 分词作定语，少用关系代词 which,who 等引导的定语从句。由于摘要的时态多采用一般过去时，使用关系代词引导的定语从句不但会使句式变的复杂，而且容易造成时态混乱（因为定语和它所修饰的主语、宾语之间有时存在一定的时间差，而过去完成时、过去将来时等往往难以准确判定）。采用-ing 分词和-ed 分词作定语，在简化语句的同时，还可以减少时态判定的失误。,需要指出的是，这里所举的例句对普遍的文章均适合，比较抽象，具体的论文摘要除了可上下面某些句子外，必须有具体内容，更确切地说摘要中要包含一些 key words以说明该文涉及的内容，但一般不要在摘要中引用文献。1开门见山，说明文章内容，可用下面的句子起句：The aim(or object,purpose)of this paper(or note)is to prove/show/present/develop/generalize/investigate It is the purpose of this paper to prove/show/present/develop/generalize/investigate This paper is concerned with/deals with In this paper we prove/present/propose to show,2如果需要简略回顾历史，然后再说明自己文章的内容，则可参考采用下面的句子：The problemwas first treated byand laterimproved by.The purpose of this paper is to prove that it holds in a more general case.first raised the problem which was later partly solved by.We now solve this problem in the case of,3如果文章推广了别人的结果，或减弱了别人结果中的条件，则可参考采用下面的句子：The purpose of this paper is to generalize the results obtained by to a more general case,i.e.,In this paper we shall prove several theorems which are generalizations to the results given by This paper intends to remove some unnecessary assumptions(e.g.,regularity)from the paper on This paper deals with generalizations of the following problem This paper improves the result of onby weakening the conditions,New Words&Phrases,compost:A mixture of decaying organic matter,as from leaves and manure,used to improve soil structure and provide nutrients.,堆肥：腐烂有机体的混合物，如树叶或粪便，用来改善土壤结构并增加土壤养分.,humus:A brown or black organic substance consisting of partially or wholly decayed vegetable or animal matter that provides nutrients for plants and increases the ability of soil to retain water.,腐殖质：一种棕色或黑色的有机物，由全部或部分腐烂的植物或动物体构成，它能为植物提供养分并提高土壤蓄水的能力.,Translation,1)But it was not until the late 19th century that a systematic municipally-run waste collection system was put in practice in the United States.,2)Source reduction involves altering the design,manufacture,or use of products and materials to reduce the amount and toxicity of what gets thrown away.,3)Composting decomposes organic waste,such as food scraps and yard trimmings,with microorganisms(mainly bacteria and fungi),producing a humus-like substance.,4)Typical materials that are recycled include batterise,recycled at a rate of 94%,paper and paperboard at 45%,and yard trimmings at 57%.,5)In 1996,recycling of solid waste in the United States prevented the release of 33 million tons of carbon into the air-roughly the amount emitted annually by 25 million cars.,6)In addition to minimizing volume,combustors,when properly equipped,can convert water into steam to fuel heating systems or generate electricity.,Questions,1)What does MSW consist of?,2)What do MSW management practices consist of?,3)What is the advantage of the recycling of MSW?,Preparation for Unit 11-Soil Basics,See you next week!,
