大学英语四级写作一.ppt

大学四级英语写作精讲,真题作文题目,Due Attention Should Be Given to Spelling(2010.6)Creating a Green Campus(2009.12)Free Admission to Museums(2009.6)Limiting the Use of Disposable Plastic Bags(2008.12)Recreational Activities(2008.6)What Electives to Choose(2007.12)Welcome to Join in Our Club(2007.6)On the Spring Festival Gala(2006.12)On Students Selecting Lectures(2006.6)Should the University Campus Be Open to Tourism?(2005.12),四级写作的题材具有显著的现实性，基本可以分为两大类：1.贴近大学生的学习工作及课余生活的校园题材2.论及当前社会的现象、发展变化及进步的热点话题。,校园题材1.Recreational Activities(2008.6)2.What Electives to Choose(2007.12)3.Welcome to Our Club(2007.6)4.Volunteers Needed(2006.6)5.Should the University Campus Be Open to Tourist?(2005.12)6.Teachers Day(2005.6)7.A Campaign Speech(2005.1)8.A Brief Introduction to a Tourist Attraction(2004.6)9.A Letter in Reply to a Friend(2004.1),社会热点话题关于此类题材的近五年的真题作文列举如下：1.Limiting the Use of Disposable Plastic Bags(2008.12)2.Spring Festival Gala on CCTV(2006.12)3.How Should Parents Help Children to be Independent?（2010）1).目前不少父母为孩子包办一切 2).为了让孩子独立,父母应该,大学英语四级作文基本体裁,从体裁来看，四级作文主要以议论文和说明文为主，主要包括：1.对比分析类2.说明现象类3.对策方法类4.观点论证类5.叙事类6.图表阐释类7.应用文,大学四级英语写作精讲一,1.大学英语各部分分值比例以及计算方法2.大学英语四级作文评分标准3.英语四级写作基本文体4.作文得分技巧总结5.英语写作“七项基本原则”6.三段式英语作文的结构安排7.各种题型的英语写作方法8.英语写作的基本模式9.大学英语四级写作常见题型模板,一、大学英语各部分分值比例以及计算方法,听力（35%）、阅读（35%）、完型填空（10%）、作文和翻译（20%）各单项报道分的满分分别为：听力249分，阅读249分，完型填空70分，作文142分。各单项分相加之和等于总分（710分）。关于听力听力选择题都是1分一个，共25分；后面篇章理解，前面八个空0.5分一个，共4分，后面3个句子，2分一个，共6分，这样加起来一共35分因为总分改为710,则上面的一分变为7.1分,各题型之间的比重不变 完形0.5分一个；15选10 为0.5分一个；其它都是一分一个,二、大学英语四六级作文评分标准,（注：假如现在作文是15分为满分）2分条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，且多数为严重错误。5分基本切题。表达思想不清楚，连贯性差。有较多的严重语言错误。8分基本切题。有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯；语言错误相当多，其中有一些是严重错误。11分切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。14分切题。表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性好。基本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错。(注:白卷,作文与题目毫不相关,或只有几个孤立的词而无法表达思想,则给0分。),三、英语四、六级写作基本文体,首先要指出的是，四、六级作文在准备和对策上是基本一致的，因为两者评分标准基本一致，除了字数上的差距，四级120词，六级150词。英语考试的作文大体可以分为：1、正反论证2、原因现象描述类；3、图表；4、名言谚语。5、信件。所谓的写信，无非就是在这四类的基础上，套用信件的格式而已。,四、作文得分技巧总结,1、卷面整洁，书写清楚2、构思简单，少犯错误3、中心突出，层次分明4、固定经典，名言注目5、重在变化，宁简勿烂,写作部分考核的技能(具体来说),A 思想表达 1 表达中心思想 2 表达重要或特定信息 3 表达观点、态度等B 篇章组织 4 围绕所给的题目叙述、议论或描述，突出重点 5 连贯地组句成段，组段成篇C 语言运用 6 运用恰当的词汇 7 运用正确的语法 8 运用合适的句子结构 9 使用正确的标点符号 10 运用衔接手段表达句间关系（如对比、原因、结果、程度、目的等）D 写作格式 11 运用正确的符合英语表达习惯的写作格式,五、英语写作“七项基本原则”,1.长短句原则2.主题句原则3.阐述观点的原则4.短语优先原则5.多实少虚原则6.多变句式原则7.挑战极限原则,1.长短句原则As a creature,I eat;as a man,I read.Although one action is to meet the primary need of my body and the other is to satisfy the intellectual need of mind,they are in a way(某种程度)quite similar.强烈建议：在文章第一段（开头）用一长一短，且先长后短；在文章主体部分，要先用一个短句解释主要意思，然后在阐述几个要点的时候采用先短后长的句群形式，定会让主体部分妙笔生辉！文章结尾一般用一长一短就可以了。,2.主题句原则,主题句通常放在句首To begin with,you must work hard at your lessons and be fully prepared before the exam(主题句).Without sufficient preparation,you can hardly expect to answer all the questions correctly.,3.阐述观点的一二三原则,(1)first,second,third,last(不推荐,原因:俗)(2)firstly,secondly,thirdly,finally(不推荐,原因:俗)(3)the first,the second,the third,the last(不推荐,原因:俗)(4)in the first place,in the second place,in the third place,lastly(不推荐,原因:俗)(5)to begin with,then,furthermore,finally（强烈推荐）(6)to start with,next,in addition,finally（强烈推荐）(7)first and foremost(首先),besides,last but not least(强烈推荐)(8)most important of all,moreover,finally(9)on the one hand,on the other hand（适用于两点的情况）(10)for one thing,for another thing（适用于两点的情况）,4.短语优先原则,写作时，尤其是在考试时，如果使用短语，有两个好处：其一、用短语会使文章增加亮点，如果老师们看到你的文章太简单，看不到一个自己不认识的短语，你的得分率将会降低；相反，如果发现一些精彩的短语，你的文章定会得高分。其二、关键时刻思维短路，只有凑字数，怎么办？用短语是一个办法！比如：I cannot bear it.可以用短语表达：I cannot put up with it.I want it.可以用短语表达：I am looking forward to it.,5.多实少虚原则,原因很简单，写文章还是应该写一些实际的东西，不要空话连篇。这就要求一定要多用实词，少用虚词。所谓虚词是指那些比较大的词。比如我们说一个很好的时候，不应该只说nice这样空洞的词，应该使用一些诸如generous,humorous,interesting,smart,gentle,warm-hearted,hospital之类的形象词。再比如：走出房间，general的词是:walk out of the room但是小偷走出房间应该说:slip(溜走)out of the room小姐走出房间应该说:sail(优雅)out of the room小孩走出房间应该说:dance(活跃)out of the room老人走出房间应该说:stagger(蹒跚)out of the room,6.多变句式原则,1)加法(串联)2)转折(拐弯抹角)3)因果(so,so,so)4)失衡句(头重脚轻，或者头轻脚重)5)附加(多此一举)6)排比(排山倒海句),1)加法(串联)写长句的方法就是:可以在任何句子之间加and,但最好是前后的句子有先后关系或者并列关系。比如说：I enjoy music and he is fond of playing guitar.如果是二者并列的，我们可以用一个超级句式：Not only the fur coat is soft,but it is also warm.其它的短语可以用：besides,furthermore,likewise,moreover,2)转折(拐弯抹角),批评某人缺点的时候，我们总习惯先拐弯抹角说说他的优点，然后转入正题，再说缺点，写文章的时候只要在要点之前先来点铺垫或衬托，注意二者之间用个转折词就够了。The car was quite old,yet it was in excellent condition.The coat was thin,but it was warm.更多的短语：despite that,still,however,nevertheless,in spite of,despite,notwithstanding(尽管),3)因果(so,so,so),昨天在街上我看到了一个女孩，然后我主动搭讪，然后我们去咖啡厅，然后我们认识了，然后我们成为了朋友可见，讲故事的时候我们总要追求先后顺序，先什么，后什么，所以然后这个词就变得很常见了。其实这个词表示的是先后或因果关系！The snow began to fall,so we went home.更多短语：then,therefore,consequently,accordingly,hence,as a result,for this reason,so that,4)失衡句(头重脚轻，或者头轻脚重),文章中如果出现失衡句子，更会让考官看到你的句子与众不同。其实就是主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句的变形。This is what I can do.Whether he can go with us or not is not sure.同样主语、宾语、表语可以改成如下的复杂成分：When to go is uncertain.Why he goes away is not clear.,5)附加(多此一举),在句子中穿插定语从句和同位语从句或者是插入语，使句子有变化。The man whom you met yesterday is a friend of mine.I dont enjoy that book you are reading.Mr liu,our oral English teacher,is easy-going.附加法其实很简单:同位语要解释的东西删除后不影响整个句子的构成；定语从句借用之前的关键词并且用其重新组成一个句子插入其中，但是whom/that关键词必须要紧跟在先行词之前。,6)排比(排山倒海句),文学作品中最吸引人的地方莫过于此，如果非要让你的文章更加精彩的话，那么我希望你引用一个个的排比句，一个个的对偶句，一个个的不定式，一个个的词，一个个的短语，如此表达将会使文章有排山倒海之势！Whether your tastes are modern or traditional,sophisticated or simple,there is plenty in London for you.Nowadays,energy can be obtained through various sources such as oil,coal,natural gas,solar heat(太阳热),the wind and ocean tides.We have got to study hard,to enlarge our scope of knowledge,to realize our potentials and to pay for our life.（气势恢宏）,7.挑战极限原则,既然是挑战极限，必然是比较难的，但是并非不可攀！原理：在学生的文章中，很少发现诸如独立主格的句子，其实也很简单，只要花上5分钟的时间看看就可以领会，它就是分词的一种特殊形式，分词要求主语一致，而独立主格则不然。比如：The weather being fine,a large number of people went to climb the Western Hills.Africa is the second largest continent,its size being about three times that of China.,六、三段式作文的结构安排,七、各种题型的写作方法,1)对比选择型:基本方法为：阐述第一种观点或态度并表明 这种观点或态度正确的理由;阐述第二种(相对或相反的)观点或态度并说明这种观点或态度正确的理由;表明个人 支持或反对以上观点或态度，并说明原因。2)现象解释型:基本方法为：描述现象分析原因对现象做出预测或如何促进(限制)这种现象的进一步发展。3)问题解决型:基本方法为：提出问题分析问题解决问题。4)观点论证型:基本方法为：分析主题得出结论举例论证得出结论(证明观点的正确性)。5)应用文基本方法为:分析所给情景选择写作方法(上述四种方法)。,八、议论文写作的基本模式,从2006年6月四级改革以来，议论文已经成为四级作文的绝对主流，无论是学生还是老师，都对此类题目进行了充分的准备。对于这种类型的文章，写作框架如下：第一段:现象背景介绍+引出话题(公众观点+大概理由)；第二段:关于话题的相关因素(影响,作用,好处,危害或原因等)；第三段:陈述自己观点或预期未来。组成一篇文章的三要素是：结构，内容和语言。对于此类型的文章，同学们是很难在结构上略胜一筹的；至于具体内容，也完全不需要推陈出新，因为批卷老师是完全没有时间仔细看理由的。所以，如何体现我们的写作能力和文章价值，关键在于文章遣词造句的质量。此类文章的高分原则为:1)在文章中必须有五个左右的衔接词，来体现逻辑性。2)用词尽量避免重复，体现语言的灵活和升级。3)尽量使用非陈述句式，如倒装、被动、虚拟语气及插入语等。,九、大学英语四级写作常见题型模板,1.辩论式议论文模版2.利弊题型模板3.“现象+原因+解决方法”题型模板,1.辩论式议论文模版,Model 1:Some people believe(argue,recognize,think)that(观点1).But other people take an opposite side.They firmly believe that(观点2).As for me,I agree to(the former/latter idea).There are a dozen of reasons behind my belief.First of all,(论据1).More importantly,(论据2).Most important of all,(论据3).In summary,(总结观点).As a college student,I am supposed to(表决心).或:From above,we can predict that(预测).,Model 2:People hold different views about(X).Some people are for the opinion that(观点1),while others point out that(观点2).As far as I am concerned,(the former/latter opinion)holds more weight.For one thing,(论据1).For another,(论据2).Last but not the least,(论据3).To conclude,(总结观点).As a college student,I am supposed to(表决心).或 From above,we can predict that(预测).,Model 3:There is no consensus among people on opinions about X(争论的焦点).Some people are for the view that(观点1)，while others take an opposite side,firmly believing that(观点2).As far as I am concerned,(the former/latter notion)is preferable in many senses.The reasons are obvious.First of all,(论据1).Furthermore,(论据2).Among all of the supporting evidences,one is the strongest.That is,(论据3).A natural conclusion from the above discussion is that(总结观点).As a college student,I am supposed to(表决心).或 From above,we can predict that(预测).,2.利弊题型模板,Model 1:Nowadays many people prefer to(_)because it plays a significant role in our daily life.Generally speaking,its advantages can be seen as follows.On one hand,(_).One the other hand,(_).But every sword(刀)has two blades(刀面).The negative aspects are also apparent.One of the prominent disadvantages is that(_).To make matters worse,(_).Through the above analysis,I believe that The positive aspects far outweighs(超过)its negative aspects,because(_).,Model 2:There is no consensus among people as to the view of whether(_).The opinions vary from person to person.Some people hold the idea that(_).A case in point is that(_).On the other hand,other may have a quite different view.According to them,(_).The most typical example is that(_).Weighing the pros and cons(正反面)of these arguments,I am inclined to agree with the latter.Admittedly(公认地),the former point of view seems reasonable in saying to some extent,but it is more convincing that(_).,相似预测,Directions:For this part,you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic of The Internet.You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below.有人认为网络可以让学习、工作更有效率有人认为网络让青少年沉迷，影响学习我的看法,The Internet,(1)In the era of information and technology,the Internet has played an important role in our society.(2)However,peoples opinions are still divided on this point.(3)Those who are in favor of the Internet claim that it has a lot of advantages.(4)Firstly,information searching is no longer a tough job with the help of all kinds of search engines.(4)Secondly,we can contact friends or business partners via e-mails or software such as Internet Meeting and Yahoo Messenger(信使).(3)Those who are opposed to the Internet hold that its disadvantages are numerous.(5)In the first place,the Internet costs considerable time,money and energy,especially for those with less self-control.(5)In the second place,increasing young people are indulged in online games and unhealthy information,which are extremely harmful to their development.(6)In my opinion,its(7)pros outweigh the cons.The past twenty years witnessed the fast development of the Internet along with the national economy.A bright future is awaiting us if we make good use of the Internet.,(1)开门见山，引出大背景（2）以however转折说明人们的观点有分歧（3）用定语从句表示正反方，两者遥相呼应，对比鲜明（4）分两点详述网络的优点。“搜索引擎”，“邮件或软件”（5）分两点详述网络的缺点：浪费时间、金钱和精力；沉迷网络影响未来发展。（6）提出自己的观点（7）两点词语：利大于弊,1)利弊议论文,Model 1It is a new thing(that credit cards have been widely used by college students).Many people welcome this new development while others have expressed their worry about this.One common argument,however,(for the using of credit cards on campus)is that it is convenient and safe for some college students to go shopping at any time.Those who take sides against this new trend believe that because(some college students have no proper sense of consumption).Of the two views discussed above,I am in favor of(the former).My reason is(that if college students realize the advantages of using credit cards,they will accept this modern way of consumption).,Model 2 As is known to all,there has been a wave of _.There are many advantages(disadvantages)of this modern way.First of all,_.In the second place,_.Lastly,_.In a word,_.,Model 3 When asked about _,different people will offer different opinions.Some people take it for granted that _.In their mind,_.Besides,_.However,others hold that _.They maintain that _.Weighing these two arguments,I am for the first one.For one thing,_.For another,_.Therefore,as stated above,_.,Model 4_ is becoming more popular in _,especially among _.Today,its certainly difficult to think of _.There are several reasons for its popularity.First,_.Second,_.However,in terms of _,I think that _.,Model(1)Nowadays more and more people pay more attention to college students using credit cards_.Some people argue that this will lead to a tendency of college students spending money without limitation while others firmly hold that college students are adults and they have the ability to choose whatever way of spending money In my opinion,I think this question should be probed(studied)in depth.On one hand,the first group is not totally correct because money in a credit card is not countless and the host bank has certain strict disciplines of using credit cards.On the other hand,the second group seems not quite right because there are really some college students who have no self-control when it comes to the spending of money.In a word,we can see clearly that the key lies in college students self-control when they go shopping with credit cards.Otherwise the advantages of using credit cards may become a burden to them.,2)个人观点议论文,Model(2)It becomes a common tendency these days for people to _.Many people are opposed to _ because they think_.They also argue that _.In my mind,however,I cant agree with _.At the same time,_.In addition,_.In conclusion,_.,Model(3)_ has been one medium of communication that has connected all the people around world.More and more people tend to worry about the _,because it is so _ that _.The advantages of _ are obvious to some people.For one thing,in terms of _,_.As a result,_.Consequently,_.For another thing,_.Personally,I side with the former opinion.Because _.However,_.,Model(4)Presently,one phenomenon calls for people s attention that _.In general,_.For one thing,_.(For example,_.)For another,_.As far as I am concerned,_.To sum up,_.,Model(2)Therefore,_.Moreover,_.Lets make our good efforts,and _.,writing task:Recreational activities,Directions:For this part,you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Recreational activities.You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below.1.娱乐活动多种多样。2.娱乐活动可以使人们受益，也可能带来危害。3.作为大学生，我认为,Recreational activities Everyone needs some recreational activities to help them relax after a days work or study.And there are many recreational activities available to us in todays society.For example,sports fans may choose to play basketball or football.Or one may take a break by watching TV or listening to music.Among the large number of recreational activities,some are carefully designed and can be beneficial to us.For example,playing basketball can help us get stronger and healthier.It can also enrich friendships while we play together with our teammates.However,some activities may cause harm,especially to young people who are curious about everything but are unable to control themselves.Playing computer games is one such activity.Many college students play them every day.Some students even develop addictions and skip school or stay up late into the night to play them.This can affect their study and health.,As college students,we should keep a balance between work and rest.Recreation is of great importance to our life,but study is our primary task.If we want to play,we need to know clearly which activities are good and which are bad.At the same time,we should exercise self-control so that we wont get addicted to some bad activities.,3.“现象+原因+解决方法”题型模板,Model 1:With the development of the society,(_普遍现象_),so we have to face a fact that(_具体现象_).What are the reasons for