大学英语四级写作改2.ppt
外语部符祝芹,如何准备大学英语四级写作,内容提要考题趋势 评分标准备考指南 考场策略,08作文预测,一四级写作考题趋势,.作文命题：（记叙，应用，说明，议论,图表）多种体裁并用趋势，评价考生综合写作能力：观察,分析和解决问题的思维能力,back,一四级写作考题趋势,.作文题型趋势：提纲式作文：作文标题和内容提示（三段式）每个段落有一个句子，每个段落的句子其实就中心句 考题越来越具有实用性，题目贴近学生生活，注重考实际运用能力,back,二.四级写作评分标准 切题：正确表达思想,思路清晰;连贯性：意义连贯，前后一致;语言：无重大语法错误。,作文评阅：总体评判（global scoring),back,切题,切题是指每个段落所写的句子都应该围绕该段所给出的中心句来写，而不是就围绕着整篇文章的中心来写就可以了一定是围绕着该段落的中心句展开的，思路清晰，不写与话题无关的东西。,四级作文评分标准之一：,My view on off-campus room renting1.很多大学生在校外租房居住.学生校外租房的主要原因.校外租房的利弊,With the peoples live standards rising rapidly,more campus students concept is open.They want to get the freedom and self control.So a lot of students rent the room out of the campus.why so many students do it?.,学生作文分析例：,是否切题？,As we all know,with the development of society and economics,the campuses become more close to society.Under the condition,college schools are full of various clubs.,年作文考题：,1.本社团的主要活动内容.参加本社团的好处.如何参加本社团,是否切题？,学生作文分析例2:,学生作文分析例：May I have your attention,please.Im here to introduce our club to you.The name of our club is Japanese club.If you join our club,you can have the opportunity to attend many interesting activities.In the first place,there are some classes in which you can learn Japanese.Also sometimes we will call on and watch some Japanese movie together.The best of all,many people who know Japanese culture well will talk with us and tell us some funny Japanese story.,是否切题？,back,可以理解为观念、思想、言论、推理合乎逻辑；前后一致；让人易懂。,四级作文评分标准之二：,.连贯性,段落之间的“启”、“承”、“转”、“合”,句子之间的逻辑关系也要通过一些逻辑连词来完成,My view on off-campus room renting,1.很多大学生在校外租房居住.学生校外租房的主要原因.校外租房的利弊,连贯性：意义连贯，前后一致;,back,1)表示开始：first of all,in the first place,at the very beginning,to begin with,currently,at present,for one thing等。2)表示承接：besides,further more,in addition,moreover,whats more,meanwhile,apart from,as well as,similarly,in the same way等。,连贯性常用表达：,3)表示转折：however,whereas,while,on the contrary,in contrast,on the other hand等。4)表示结论：in conclusion,in brief,in short,to sum up,ultimately,as a result,as a consequence,overall等。5)表示原因：because(of),accordingly,due to,owing to,for this reason,since 等。,连贯性常用表达：,表达观点：in my opinion,personally,from my viewpoint,it seems to me,it is clear to me that,as far as I am concerned举例说明：for example,for instance,as follows,such as,that is to say,namely,just as,in particular等。表示让步：although,in spite of,despite of,despite the fact that,regardless of等。,连贯性常用表达：,back,.语言,用词和造句是否清楚确切地表达思想,四级作文评分标准之三：,(语法、拼写和词汇),home,常见语言错误：,双谓语_可数名词的单复数_冠词_拼写错误_标点_词性混淆_动词的及物和不及物_一致性时态,To,home,三备考指南,目标：一篇作文 段 句 词 词 句 段 篇章,四六级写作基本上是纲要写作，基本上省略掉了从段到篇的构思，中心句直接翻译过来,词汇：,home,词汇,词义词形写作词汇高分运用,备考指南一,词汇,The price is very expensive.We should elbow the time for our study.,语境中学单词,英文解释，近义词,记词组，搭配选词准确，表达贴切,词汇误用例子：,learn knowledge,.词义（meaningusage）,gain/obtain/access to/derive knowledge from;,增长知识：expand/increase/broaden/develop/enhance;传播知识：pass/impart/spread 渴求知识：hungry for/thirsty for knowledge,温馨提示秘诀:多留心，多积累,写作常用词组：,Acquire knowledge,获取/学知识：,词汇,单词的记忆：,发音:构词法：超级联想,ambition,俺必胜,minutetomato,minit mainjut,.词形（form),herohistorychocolate,toma:to tomeito,back,.写作词汇高分运用,多实少虚原则 多使用正式词汇或短语，代替非正式或随意的词汇或表达用词多样化，切忌关键词的重复使用（正反关系，同义词，上下义关系，词性转换）分词做定语短语优先,back,词汇,.写作词汇高分运用,多实少虚原则,例：.我希望我在学校能学到一些东西 I hope I can do/learn something,.说一个人很好/不错的时候,不应该之说nice这样空洞的词，应该使用一些诸如generous，humorous，interesting，smart，gentle，warm-hearted，hospitable 之类的形象词。,back,多使用正式词汇或短语，代替非正式或随意的词汇或表达，例如：good：positive,favorable,promising,perfect,pleasurable,excellent,outstanding bad:unfavorable,poor,adverse in my opinion:For my part,from my own perspective Think:Take the attitude that,hold the view that,it is widely shared/accepted/acknowledged,.写作词汇高分运用,back,用词多样化，切忌关键词的重复使用，如在某事的优点和缺点时，就可用 advantage and disadvantages positive and negative aspects;benefits and drawbacks,favorable and unfavorable aspects.Merit and downside Pros and cons,etc.,.写作词汇高分运用,back,I had a very nice childhood.I went to a very nice school in Scotland where the teachers were all nice to the children and the lessons were always nice.It was in a very nice part of the country and it seems to me now that the weather was always nice.I thought it was especially nice in winter when it was nice to play in the snow.Our school uniform was very nice and school dinners were always nice.I wonder if it was really as nice as I think now or if I am just becoming old?,用词多样化:,I had a very happy childhood.I went to a very pleasant school in Scotland wherethe teachers were all kind to the children and the lessons were always interesting.It was in a very beautiful part of the country and it seems to me now that the weather was always nice.I thought it was especially nice in winter when it was enjoyable to play in the snow.Our school uniform was very attractive and school dinners were always delicious.I wonder if it was really as wonderful as I think now or if I am just becoming old?,back,正反义关系,diminished wildlife species due to increasing populationsPhysically active individuals have half the risk of coronary heart disease compared to their sedentary counterparts.,用词多样化,back,同义词替换,名词 保护preservation of wildlife habitatsconservation of natural habitatsprotection of ecosystemfocus on environmental protection and nature conservation,用词多样化,back,动词,protect wild birds,conserve water and preserve the environmentstrengthen economic exchanges and promote cultural communicationbalance the calories you consume with the amount of calories you expend,同义词替换,back,形容词,大多数的a large majority of/a vast majority ofa great majority of发展中国家a developing countrya less-developed countryan disadvantaged countryan impoverished country,同义词替换,back,副词 increase/decrease dramatically/sharplyrise slightly and then drop moderately significantly,greatly,dramatically,strikingly,environmentally friendlyfinancially independentculturally diversephysically damagingemotionally detrimental,同义词替换,back,上下义关系,endangered species/wild animals/pandawaste disposal programme/recycling scheme/collection system/landfill site/dustbin,词性转换,combustible material vs combustiblesSucceed vs be successful,back,分词做定语,ing分词soaring crime rate vs high crime rateincreasing pressure vs more and more pressurea growing increase VS more and moreed分词old people vs aged peoplelonely parents vs isolated parents,.写作词汇高分运用,back,一、用短语会使文章增加亮点 二、关键时刻思维短路，只有凑字数，怎么办？用短语是一个办法！比如：,I cannot bear it.可以用短语表达：I cannot put up with it.I want it.可以用短语表达：I am looking forward to it.,back,短语优先,.写作词汇高分运用,句子,如何用现有的词汇组成句子？一个重要因素：语法&句法,句法能力：主谓宾定状,什么样的词可以做主语，宾主，哪些词当谓语？,病句分析,Of course,rent room off-campus can give students more free and can make them understand how to take care of them.,It may supply a good environment for them to learning.,It is because there are more and more students choose to rent rooms off-campus,考试实践表明，多数考生在写作上的主要欠缺不是系统的写作理论和方法，而是最基本的单句写作能力。,对策：查找病因，,温馨提示：积累好句,写作好句,学会纠错,怎样写好句子?,next,好句例子：,If students get obsessed with sports,time spent for revision and academic work would be undoubtedly proportionately less.Furthermore,learning is not only considered as pure imparting of knowledge at boarding schools,but rather as a means of increasing the students entire potential.,back,.多使用一些较为正规和书面化的句子，长短句结合，句子不能太口语化。.注意句子之间的连接，上下文连贯。句子要变化，以复合句和分词结构为主。注意句子之间的关联和内部逻 辑，条理清楚，严密。,写作句子原则：,back,写作句子原则一：不能太口语化,Parents have to get kids food and other stuff.,Parents have to provide children with food and other necessities.（formal),People always say competitive sports are totally cool.,It is always said that competitive sports benefit us in several important ways.,back,长短句 多变句式 1)加法(串联)and,or,as well as 2)转折(拐弯抹角)yet,but 3)因果 as,so，therefore，thus 失衡句(头重脚轻，或者头轻脚重)附加(多此一举)：定语从句，同位语排比(排山倒海句)挑战极限原则:独立结构、分词短语,写作句子原则二：句子要有变化,back,长短句原则 工作还得一张一驰呢，老让读者读长句，累死人！写一个短小精辟的句子，相反，却可以起到画龙点睛的作用。而且如果我们把短句放在段首或者段末，也可以揭示主题：,As a creature，I eat;as a man，I read.Although one action is to meet the primary need of my body and the other is to satisfy the intellectual need of mind，they are in a way quite similar.,back,建议：在文章第一段(开头)用一长一短，且先长后短；在文章主体部分，要先用一个短句解释主要意思，然后在阐述几个要点的时候采用先短后长的句群形式，定会让主体部分妙笔生辉！文章结尾一般用一长一短就可以了。,Excellent!,back,Living off campus is exciting.Living off campus is more independent.I prefer the convenience of living on campus.,多变句式：短句变长的方法,Living off campus is exciting and more independent,but I prefer the convenience of living on campus.,back,I enjoy music and he is fond of playing guitar.如果是二者并列的，我们可以用一个超级句式：Not only the fur coat is soft，but it is also warm.其它的短语可以用：besides，furthermore，likewise，moreover,back,2)转折(拐弯抹角)The car was quite old，yet it was in excellent condition.The coat was thin，but it was warm.更多的短语：despite that，still，however，nevertheless，in spite of，despite，notwithstanding,back,3)因果(so，so，so)The snow began to fall，so we went home.更多短语：then，therefore，consequently，accordingly，hence，as a result，for this reason，so that,back,失衡句(头重脚轻，或者头轻脚重)举例：This is what I can do.Whether he can go with us or not is not sure.同样主语、宾语、表语可以改成如下的复杂成分：When to go，Why he goes away,back,附加(多此一举)The man whom you met yesterday is a friend of mine.I dont enjoy that book you are reading.Mr liu，our oral English teacher，is easy-going.其实很简单，同位语-要解释的东西删除后不影响整个句子的构成；定语从句借用之前的关键词并且用其重新组成一个句子插入其中，但是whom or that 关键词必须要紧跟在先行词之前。,back,排比(排山倒海句)文学作品中最吸引人的地方莫过于此，如果非要让你的文章更加精彩的话，那么我希望你引用一个个的排比句，一个个得对偶句，一个个的不定式，一个个地词，一个个的短语，如此表达将会使文章有排山倒海之势！,back,Nowadays，energy can be obtained through various sources such as oil，coal，natural gas，solar heat，the wind and ocean tides.We have got to study hard，to enlarge our scope of knowledge，to realize our potentials and to pay for our life.(气势恢宏)要想写出如此气势恢宏的句子非用排比不可！,back,挑战极限原则 原理：在学生的文章中，很少发现诸如独立主格的句子，其实也很简单，只要花上5分钟的时间看看就可以领会，它就是分词的一种特殊形式，分词要求主语一致，而独立主格则不然。比如：The weather being fine，a large number of people went to climb the Western Hills.Africa is the second largest continent，its size being about three times that of China.如果您可写一些这样的句子，不得高分才怪！,back,核心：由句到段如何表达？,其实也就是把中心句扩展成好几个句子组成一个段落，论证才能充分，内容才能充实，单独一个句子是不够的一定是围绕中心句来写,段落,主题句原则 国有其君，家有其主，文章也要有其主。否则会给人造成“群龙无首”之感！相信各位读过一些破烂文学，故意把主体隐藏在文章之内，结果造成我们稀里糊涂！不知所云！所以奉劝各位一定要写一个主题句，放在文章的开头(保险型)或者结尾，让读者一目了然，必会平安无事！特别提示：隐藏主体句可是要冒险的！,段落,back,They have many reasons for their choice.Some of them consider that they should be given more space and freedom,while there are many rules in the college.Others living outside of the school want to have a good environment to study,for the campus is always noisy.The smallest number of them cant take care of themselves,to their parents rent a house for their children.,学生作文例子：主题句原则,back,框架,合理的文章结构通常由三大部分组成，即引言（introduction）、主体（body）和结论（conclusion），写段比较合理。引言要涵盖主题、写作任务和主题句，主体则要包括足够的论点和论据，结论可以重申观点、提出建议或展望未来。,home,篇章,My view on off-campus room renting,1.很多大学生在校外租房居住.学生校外租房的主要原因.校外租房的利弊,back,注意：。文章开头。段落过渡要自然，衔接流畅。论证部分要分层展开。结尾要干净利落。整体布局合理。中心要突出，思想上要保持一体性。,篇章,home,四考场策略,可以把题纲句子直接翻译，把段首句作为中心句，也就是所谓的开门见山,学生作文分析：弄巧成拙,Where are others in your room?When you enter a room of an university you may not see everyone.It is because there are more and more university students choose to rent room off-campus,.主题句：,四考场策略,.本社团的主要活动内容.参加本社团的好处 如何参加本社团,如何知道哪些段落详写，哪些段落略写？,论证方法：分类，列举，正反，对比等,交际功能,.主体段落：,四考场策略,.换位思考：,如何写一些能吸引考官眼球的东西？,一是在用词的难度上拔高，二是在近义词的多种表达上提升。譬如要描述一个好人，很多同学首先想到的形容词就是good,kind,wise,nice,clever,great,bright等词，而这些词往往很难出彩，因为描述太过于抽象，如果能用到诸如ambitious,tactful,eloquent,charismatic,committed之类的词就很具体了,句子结构的丰富性也是考官给分的一个亮点，好的段落应该由不同的句式组成，而不应该是千篇一律的句子结构,.换位思考：,四考场策略,I have many hobbies.Movies,for example,are my favorite and I am also fond of playing basketball and football.Sometimes when staying with my friends,Id prefer singing and dancing rather than any other way of amusement.,例如：I have many hobbies.For example,I like movies,I like playing basketball and football,and I like singing and dancing,4.写作步骤参考,1)审题与构思（分钟）拟定提纲（outline)围绕主题句问若干问题理顺线索组织素材,四考场策略,)写作过程（分钟）切题，立意是否正确新颖,论据是否恰当，段落布局是否合理，主体段落是否突出，上下文是否连贯,句型是否多变，是否有句法错误，句子是否符合英语表达习惯,造词是否恰当正确考试时忌用大词或自己不熟悉的词,4.写作步骤参考,四考场策略,)检查与修改（分钟）主要审查拼写和标点是否正确，有无语法和句法的错误，上下文之间的逻辑关系是否恰当等,4.写作步骤参考,四考场策略,自我纠错：,双谓语_可数名词的单复数_冠词_拼写错误_标点_词性混淆_动词的及物和不及物_主题句(论点)扩展句（论据）,To,建议：,home,08作文预测,Choosing an Occupation An Opening Speech My View on Online Education.Lectures and Discussions No pains,no gains Information Security Should cars be allowed into College Campus?How to Keep Psychologically Healthy?Drug addicts Social Practice/Attend Your Classes Regularly Students Rating of Their Teachers,home,Good Luck,
