句子的煅造术主语的选择.ppt

英语句子的煅造术-主语的选择,何为煅造术？,简言之，就是对英语句子主谓结构关系的确定。具体来说，就是对英语句子主语的选择性处理和汉语式句子（多动词）的转译训练。,英汉主语的构成及类型比较,分析下列句子的主谓结构,1.钱你不用还了。（n）2.这锅饭能吃十个人。(n)3.这匹马骑着两个人。(n)4.被人缠上是件讨厌的事。(v)5.老子打儿子，天经地义。(sv)6.上面坐着主席团。(prep)7.从她那儿能找到解决问题的办法。(prep)8.说的是古代的一个老头，名叫愚公。(-),由上可知，汉语的句式十分复杂。由于汉文化重意念，汉语句子也建构在意念主轴上，句子强调的是意义，而不是结构。汉语中有许多无主句；还有的句子主语不明显，但意义一目了然。在主谓关系上，汉语句子的主语和谓语只要求语义上一致，无须在形式上呼应（譬如，没有人称和数的一致），处在主语位置的词并不定是谓语动词的逻辑施动者。,C-E，主语不一定相同,英语的主语：七大类,1、施动主语（agentive subject)Susan is growing flowers.2、受动主语(affected subject)Her books translate well.3、工具主语（instrumental subject）A stone broke the glass.4、地点主语(locative subject)The jar contains honey.5、时间主语(temporal subject)Yesterday was Monday.6、事件主语(eventive subject)The dispute over the problem lasted a decade.7、it 作主语,表时间、气候或距离：It is late./It is hot.it 作形式主语：It is impossible to finish the work.,主语的选择,汉语句子译成英语的一个关键步骤是考虑译文的整个句子怎么摆放，如何构建译文句子的总体框架，主要是确定拿什么作为英语的主语。传统语法认为汉英句子总体框架相同，都属于主动宾（SVO）类型。因而，在很多情况下，我们能够直接把原文的主语取为译文的主语。一般策略：汉译英时，寻找主语时应先理解全句的意思，然后找出话题，抑或用英语中的对等词语、抑或易词而译、抑或补充主语。在此过程中，我们必须充分考虑汉英语言的各种差异，如英语里面以事物作主语的句子比汉语更常见，用名词结构表示动作比汉语要普遍等。依此规律来选择译文的主语，就能使译文更加地道，更符合英语的习惯表达。,即用字面意义不同的英文词语去译原文的某个词。这样做有两方面的原因。一是理解上的原因，如果具有相同表层含义的译文词语无法表达出原文词的深层含义，即换一个词，表面上与原文不同，深层里恰恰是原文的真实含义。二是出于表达上的原因，两个在原文里搭配的词语到英文里要搭配起来可能不再合适，只好易词而译。如：这个旅游项目不会使您失望。A tour of these cities will be a most rewarding experience.把“disappointing（失望）”换译成“rewarding”。人们都喜欢听那些含有正面意义或吉利的话，回避具有负面含义的词语。作为旅游文章的翻译，用正面的表达法代替反面的表达法，在语用上更为得体。,主语的确定,应遵循的原则：必须添加必要的主语必须符合句中应突出的信息必须符合英美人的思维方式必须符合句中的逻辑关系必须符合行文连贯的需要,英、汉句式的相似之处,汉语句子译成英语的一个关键步骤是考虑译文的整个句子怎么摆放，如何构建译文句子的总体框架，主要是确定拿什么作为英语的主语。传统语法认为汉英句子总体框架相同，都属于主动宾（SVO）类型。按照这一理论，当我们进行汉译英时，译文与原文在句子结构上，尤其在主语、谓语、宾语等重要 成分的位置处理上，应当能做到大致相同。因而，在很多情况下，我们能够直接把原文的主语取为译文的主语。,例：这件事你不用操心。This you dont need to worry about.()You dont need to worry about this.This is not something you need to worry about.(突出主语)It is unnecessary for you to worry about this There is no need for you to worry about this.,一般而言，无论汉语原句是典型的主题-述题结构还是与英语类似的“主动宾”结构，假如直接把原文的主题或主语取作译文的主语后，译文显得生硬，句子结构不平衡，或者与上下文在语气上不连贯，那么就要设法把原文的其他成分，也许是名词、形容词、副词或动词，取作译文的主语。在此过程中，我们必须充分考虑汉英语言的各种差异，如英语里面以事物作主语的句子比汉语更常见，用名词结构表示动作比汉语要普遍等。依此规律来选择译文的主语，就能使译文更加地道，更符合英语的习惯表达。,一、原文的形容词性成分取为译文主语例1：我的头疼得要命,汉语里形容词成分常以“的”结尾，在句子中很容易识别。多数情况下，取为译文主语的形容词成分往往修饰原文的主语或者主题，(但也有例外)。1)如果选择“头”作为主语，a)My head aches badly.b)My head is killing me.2)形容词作用的“我”作为主语，c)I have a terrible headache.d)I have a splitting headache.e)I have a migraine.,英语比汉语更讲究逻辑结构的严密。这里，“土地面积”与“国家”没有可比性。1).“土地面积”作为主语 a)Chinas per capita agricultural land cannot compare with that of many other countries in the world.,例2：中国的人均农业土地面积比不上世界上其它许多国家。,b)In its amount of agricultural land per capita,China compares unfavorably with many other countries in the world.c)China compares unfavorably with many other countries in the world in terms of per capita agricultural land.,2).如果选择原文中的形容词成分“中国”作为主语，,1)选择“人”作为主语,a)A lazy person will never succeed.2)形容词成分“懒惰”为主语，b)Laziness makes it impossible for one to succeed.另外，因为“懒惰”和“成功”不言而喻是描述“人”的，所以“人”在翻译时不妨省略，使译文更加简洁：c)Laziness makes success impossible.,例3：懒惰的人不会成功。,1)选择“我”作为主语，a)I had the most incredible experience a week ago.b)I had the most inconceivable encounter a week ago.2)选择“事情”作为主语，c)The most unbelievable thing happened to me a week ago.,二、原文的名词性成分取为译文的主语例1：一个星期前我遇上了一件最不可思议的事情。,1）选择“他”作为主语,a)He suddenly saw a dark stain on the carpet.A dark stain was seen by him on the carpet.()2）选择“斑点”作为作为主语，b)A dark stain on the carpet caught his eye.c)A dark stain on the carpet suddenly attracted his attention.,例2：他突然发现地毯上有个深色的斑点。,1）选择“他”作为主语,a)He finishes a pack of cigarettes in two days.2）选择“一包烟”作为主语，A pack of cigarettes is finished by him.(X)b)A pack of cigarettes lasts him only two days.c)It takes him only two days to finish a pack of cigarettes.,例3：他两天就抽完一包烟。,三、原文的副词性成分取为译文主语例1：因为天气太糟，我们未能成行。,1）选择“我们”作为主语，a)Because of poor weather,we did not go.2）选择“天气”为主语，b)Bad weather prevented us from going.c)Bad weather caused us to cancel our trip.,1）选择“人”作为主语，a)Thousands of people have died in the war,which broke out a year ago.2）改为“战争”作主语，The war caused thousands of people to die.()b)The war,which has been going on for a year,has claimed thousands of lives.3)加原文字面上没有的词语“死亡人数”，c)The death toll of the war,which broke out a year ago,has amounted to several thousand.,例2：已经有数千人在持续了一年的战争中丧生。,1)取“中国队”为主语，a)The Chinese Team put on an excellent performance at the Asian Iron Man Triathlon last year.2)英语表示在某个时间或者某个地点发生了某事，经常可以用时间或地点作为句子主语，以see,witness或find等作为谓语动词，这种句式是汉语里所没有的。b)The Asian Iron Man Triathlon last year saw the outstanding performance by the Chinese Team.类似的例子如“去年该地区许多国家发生了严重的金融危机”，试译为：Last year witnessed a serious financial crisis in many countries of this region.,例3：在去年的亚洲铁人三项赛上，中国队有出色表现。,（0）只有在显微镜下才能看见红血球。,1）看作无主句，添加主语，a)Only under the microscope can we see red cells.2）取“红血球”为主语，b)Red cells can be seen only under the microscope.3）把“只有在显微镜下”看作本句的主题，取关键词“显微镜”作为主语：c)A microscope is needed(for us)to see red cells.,notes：与汉语相比，英语更常用名词结构来描写动作，把动词转化成名词是汉译英的惯用手法。1）“我”为主语，a)Whenever I see him,I feel sick.b)I feel sick at the very sight of him.2）选择“见到”的名词形式作为主语，c)The very sight of him makes me sick.,四、原文的动词性成分取为译文主语例1：我见到他恶心。,例2：昨天他们表演得很成功。,1）“他们”为主语，a)They performed very successfully yesterday.2）动词“表演”转化成名词，b)Their performance yesterday was very successful.扩展：昨天他们表演得很成功，引起了媒体的广泛关注。C）Their highly successful performance yesterday has attracted wide media attention.,1）从因果关系着手，从副词从句切入，a)As the airline canceled the flight at the last minute,the travel group had no choice but to change its itinerary.b)The airline canceled the flight at the last minute,so the travel group had no choice but to change its itinerary.,例3：航空公司在最后一刻取消了航班，旅行团被迫改变行程。,2）句子前半部分描述的内容做主语，c)The airline canceled the flight at the last minute,which compelled the travel group to change its itinerary.d)The last-minute cancellation of the flight by the airline compelled the travel group to change its itinerary.,航空公司在最后一刻取消了航班，旅行团被迫改变行程。,1）动词“没有”转化为译文主语，a)Not having an aim in life means not being able to benefit from the variety of choices life has to offer.2）找出含义为“没有”的名词，如lack或absence，以此作为主语，b)The lack of an aim in life makes it impossible for one to benefit from the variety of choices life has to offer.,（0）没有生活目标就意味着无法利用生活所提供的各种各样的选择。,（0）没有生活目标就意味着无法利用生活所提供的各种各样的选择。,3）添主语“某人”，c)Without an aim in life,one will be unable to benefit from the variety of choices life has to offer.d)One who has no aim in life is unable to benefit from the variety of choices life has to offer.e)If a person has no aim in life,he or she will be unable to benefit from the variety of choices life has to offer.,五.添加主语,两种情况下需要添加主语：一是原文为无主句，翻译时要把原文隐含的主语作为译文主语；二是原文有主语，但译文的主语在字面上并不对应于原文中的任何词语。,例1：广告（）既可能吸引也可能排斥顾客。,1)选“广告”作为“主语”,a)Advertising can either attract or repel customers.2)选择“顾客”作为主语,b)Customers may be attracted or repelled by advertising.3)透析文意是描写广告的“力量”（power)的作用，添加该词作为主语，c)The power of advertising is such that it can repel as well as attract customers.,例2：不怕一万，就怕万一。,1）添加泛指的you作为主语，a)Though it is unlikely that anything unpleasant will happen,youd better take precautions.2）使用“整体翻译”的技巧，寻找与原文意思相同但形式相差较大的习惯英语表达法，b)You can never be too careful.c)It is always wise to play safe.,六、There be 结构的处理,他今天的举止有些反常。新工作不见得比原先的工作要强。这个事件不象看上去的那样简单。,1）用“举止”作主语，a)His behavior is a bit unusual today.2）“有”可以表达为英语惯用的there be句式：b)There is something strange about his behavior today.,他今天的举止有些反常。,1）选择“新工作”为主语，a)The new job will not necessarily be better than the old one.2）there be b)There is no guarantee that the new job will be better than the old one.,新工作不见得比原先的工作要强。,1)“事件”做主语，a)The incident is not as simple as it appears.2)采用there be句式：b)There is more to the incident than meets the eye.,这个事件不象看上去的那样简单。,Homework,试译下列句子，注意主语的选择。1、这几天心情颇不平静。（荷塘月色）2、基本路线要管一百年，动摇不得。3、觉民和觉慧从张家出来，已经过了11 点，街上还是很热闹。（家）4、过马路时要小心。5、再走几步，就是图书馆。,1 I have felt quite upset recently.2 We should adhere to the basic line for a hundred years,with no vacillation.3 It was already past 11 oclock when Jue Min and Jue Hui stepped out of Changs house,but there was still considerable activity in the street.4 Care is needed when crossing the road.5 A few more steps will bring you to the library.,