专题十二特殊句式.ppt

倒装句,一、完全倒装谓语动词完全置于主语之前的句子，便是完全倒装句，这类句型主要有四种：,1.表示方式或方位的副词或介词短语：here,there,now,then,up,down,in,away,off,out,in the room,on the wall等，置于句首。There goes the bell.铃响了。On the table were some flowers.桌子上有一些花。,当句子的主语由人称代词担当时，句子不倒装。Here it is./Away they went.,2.such置于句首时 Such was Albert Einstein,a simple man and the 20th centurys greatest scientist.这就是爱因斯坦，一个纯朴的人，也是20世纪最伟大的科学家。【温馨提示】此句型中的such多被认为是表语，所以，such后的be动词应与其后的“真正的主语”保持一致。辨析这就是他的临终遗言。Such is his last words.()Such are his last words.(),3.“There be”句型be动词可用“stand,live,exist,lie,remain,seem,appear”等来代替，其形式为：There谓语主语。There stands a tower on the top of the mountain.山顶有座塔。There appear some black clouds in the sky.空中布满乌云。【温馨提示】在“There be”句型中，be动词根据靠近be动词的名词的单复数来变化。例如：There is a desk and two chairs in the room.There are two chairs and a desk in the room.房间里有一张桌子和两把椅子。,4.表语置于句首时为了保持句子平衡或强调表语部分，可将作表语的形容词、分词、介词短语等置于句首，构成完全倒装形式，即：形容词/现在分词/过去分词/介词短语be主语。Happy are those who are contented.知足者常乐。Present at the meeting were twenty teachers and thirty students.20位老师和30位学生参加了会议。Seated on the ground are a group of young people.席地而坐的是一群年轻人。,(1)For a moment nothing happened,then(come)voices all shouting together.解析考查倒装句式。当某些副词如then,now,here，there,up等置于句首时，句子要用完全倒装形式。句意：一时间，什么都没发生，之后大家一起大笑起来。,came,(2)判断正()误()两扇窗户之间挂有一张画。Between the two windows hang a picture.()Between the two windows hangs a picture.()分析在主谓倒装的句子中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。例如：Here comes the bus.汽车来了。,二、部分倒装只把谓语的一部分(多为助动词、系动词be或情态动词)置于主语之前的句子，叫部分倒装句。这类句型主要有三种：1.only修饰介词短语、副词或状语从句，且放在句首时。Only then did he realize he was wrong.直到那时他才意识到他错了。Only in this way can we learn English well.只有以这种方式，我们才能学好英语。,【温馨提示】(1)only修饰主语时，句子不可以倒装。Only he can answer the question.只有他能回答问题。(2)only位于句首修饰状语从句时，主句倒装，从句不倒装。辨析只有他返回时，我们才查明真相。Only when did he return we found out the truth.()Only when he returned did we find out the truth.(),2.否定副词或短语never,nor,not,hardly,little,seldom,at no time,by no means,in no case等置于句首时。Never before have I seen such a moving film.我以前从未看过这么感人的电影。At no time will China be the first to use the nuclear weapons.在任何情况下中国绝不会第一个使用核武器。,3.五个重要的固定句型：(1)“so/neither/norbe/have/助动词/情态动词主语”表示“前一句中的内容也适合于另一人或另一事物”。He came last night,so did I.他昨晚来了，我也来了。Lily cant ride,neither/nor can Lucy.莉莉不会骑车，露西也不会。,如果表示对前面内容的肯定，不使用倒装句式。It is hot today.今天天真热。So it is.的确如此。此句型也可写成It is/was the same with主语或So it is/was with主语。Tom is clever and he works hard.Tom很聪明而且工作努力。So it is with Jack.Jack也是这样。,(2)在“soadj./adv.that.”句型中，如果soadj./adv.置于句首，主句用部分倒装，that从句不倒装。So clearly does he speak English that he can always make himself understood.他的英语说得如此清楚，以至于他总能让别人听懂。(3)在“not only.,but(also).”句型中，如果not only置于句首，需将not only引导的句子倒装，但but(also)引导的句子不倒装。Not only will help be given to people to find jobs，but also medical treatment will be provided for people who need it.不仅帮助人们找工作，而且会向需要的人提供医疗。,(4)当“not until.”置于句首时，until从句的主谓不可倒装，而只是主句需要倒装。Not until he returned did we have supper.直到他回来，我们才吃晚饭。(5)在as引导的让步状语从句中，通常使用倒装语序(表语/状语/动词原形as主语)。Child as he was,he made a living by himself.尽管他是个孩子，他却自己谋生。,Tired as he was,he still went on with his work.尽管很累，他还是继续工作。Try as he might,he didnt pass the exam.尽管很用功，但他考试还是不及格。【温馨提示】如果是单数名词或形容词最高级作表语，不再用冠词。Youngest as he is in our class,he speaks English best.他虽然是我们班年龄最小的，但他英语说得最好。,完成句子(3)(2011新课标全国，28)Only when he reached the teahouse(realize)it was the same place hed been in last year.(4)(2012辽宁，32)Not until he retired from teaching three years ago(consider)having a holiday abroad.,did he realize,did he consider,强调句,1.强调句型(1)强调句型的结构与基本用法。“It is/was被强调部分that/who其他成分”为强调句型的结构。被强调的成分可以是主语、宾语和状语，但不能是定语或谓语。所强调的可以是单词、短语，也可以是从句，但结构必须完整。被强调的部分指人时，用who或that皆可；指事物或情况时，通常用that。It was he that broke the window.是他打破了窗子。(主语),It was her that we met at the school gate.我们在校门口遇到的正是她。(宾语)It was in the park that Tom lost his watch.汤姆是在公园里丢了他的手表的。(状语)(2)强调句型的问句形式。强调句型的一般疑问句只需把is(was)提前。Is it Professor Wang who teaches you English?是王教授教你英语的吗？,强调句型的特殊疑问句，只需在一般疑问句前加上疑问词。Who was it that broke the window?打破窗子的是谁？When was it that you called me yesterday?你昨天打电话给我是什么时候？(3)含有not.until.的强调句型。其强调句式为：It is/was not until被强调的部分that其他成分。It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I recognized her.直到摘下墨镜，我才认出她。,【温馨提示】强调句型It is(was)后面的人称代词若是从句中的主语，is/was的后面应当用主格形式。倘若这一人称代词是从句的宾语，则用宾格形式。It was him who(whom)I saw yesterday.我昨天见到的正是他。It was him who broke the window.()It was he who broke the window.()是他打破了窗户。,2.谓语动词的强调如果需要强调谓语时，用助动词do,does或did。Do come this evening.今晚一定要来。He did write to you last week.上周他的确写信给你了。Tom does study hard now.现在汤姆学习真的很努力。,用适当词填空(1)(2011陕西，23)It is not how much we do but how much love we put into what we do benefits our work most.解析句意：能给我们的工作带来最大益处的不是我们做了多少，而是我们对于自己所做的事情付出了多少爱。考查强调句型。被强调部分为句子的主语not how much we do but how much love we put into what we do，故用that。,that,(2)(2012重庆，32)It was 80 years before Christopher Columbus crossed the Atlantic Zheng sailed to East Africa.解析考查强调句型。句子虽然比较长，但是其主干为强调句型，是对“80 years before Christopher Columbus crossed the Atlantic”进行了强调，由此可知，空白处应该填写“that”。,that,省略句,一、状语从句中的省略现象1.当状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致，从句谓语动词中又含有动词be时，可以省略状语从句的主语和系动词be，这时从句中可出现如下结构：(1)连词(as,as if,once)名词Once(he was)a teacher,he now works in a government office.从前他曾当过老师，现在他在政府部门工作。(2)连词(though,whether,when)形容词Work hard when(you are)young,or youll regret.年轻时努力工作，否则你会后悔的。,(3)连词(whether,as if,while)介词短语He looked everywhere as if(he was)in search of something.他到处看好像在找什么东西。(4)连词(when,while,though)现在分词While(I was)walking along the street,I heard my name called.当我沿着马路走时，听到有人喊我的名字。,(5)连词(when,if,even if,unless,once,until,than,as)过去分词The exhibition is more interesting than(it was)expected.展览比预料的更有趣。(6)连词(as if,as though)不定式He opened his lips as if(he were)to speak.他张开嘴好像要说话。2.当从句的主语是it，谓语动词中又含有系动词be时，可以把it和系动词一起省略。此时构成“连词(if,unless，when,whenever)形容词”的结构。,Unless(it is)necessary,youd better not refer to the dictionary.除非有必要，你最好不要查词典。另外，我们还可以用so或not代替上文内容，此时可用ifso/not省略句式。Get up early tomorrow.If not(you dont get up early),you will miss the first bus.明天早点起。否则(如果不那样)，你会错过头班车的。He may not be at home then,if so(he is not at home),leave him a note.那时他可能不在家。如果那样，就给他留个纸条。,(1)Though(surprise)to see us,the professor gave us a warm welcome.解析前半句是“Though he was surprised to see us”的省略形式。一般情况下，如果状语从句的主语与主句的主语相同，并且从句的谓语含有be动词，常省略状语从句中的主语和be动词。(2)(2011江苏，33)It sounds like something is wrong with the cars engine.(如果这样的话),wed better take it to the garage immediately.,surprised,If so,二、不定式的省略现象在一定的上下文中，为了避免重复，有时不定式可以省略，但通常保留不定式符号to。1.代替动词不定式后被省略掉的动词，常在be afraid,expect,forget,hope,intend,like,love,mean,prefer,refuse,seem,try,want,wish等后面。I asked him to see the film,but he didnt want to.我叫他去看电影，但他不想去。2.在have,need,ought,be going,used等后面。I didnt want to go there,but I had to.我不想去那儿，但不得不去。,3.在某些形容词 glad,happy,pleased,delighted,afraid,willing,eager等后面。Will you join in the game？你想一起做游戏吗？Id be glad to.好的。4.否定形式的省略用not to。Shall I go instead of him？我要代替他去吗？I prefer not to.我宁愿不。5.如果省略的不定式结构中含有be,have,have been，则要保留这些词。Are you monitor of our class？你是我们的班长吗？No,but Id like to be.不，但是我想当。,(3)Whats the matter with Della?Well,her parents wouldnt allow her to go to the party,but she still(希望如此).,hopes to,祈使句、感叹句及其他句式,Work hard and you will succeed.努力工作你就会成功。More time and I will do it better.给我更多时间，我能做得更好。,2.感叹句基本构成形式：(1)What(a/an)形容词名词主语谓语！(2)How形容词a/an可数名词单数主语谓语！(3)How形容词/副词主语谓语！What a clever boy he is！How clever the boy is!多聪明的男孩啊！What beautiful flowers these are！How beautiful these flowers are!这些花多美丽啊！How high the mountain is！这山真高啊！,3.There be句型的非谓语形式There being no bus,we had to walk home.没有公交车了，我们不得不走路回家。I expect there to be many chances for him to get a job.我希望他有很多找到工作的机会。There having been no water for 2 days,the travelers were all very thirsty.已经两天没有水了，这些游客们口渴得很厉害。,(1)判断正()误()多好的姑娘啊！How a nice girl she is！()What a nice girl she is！/How nice a girl she is！()分析此感叹句中强调的是名词，what引导感叹句。如感叹句中要强调的是形容词或副词，那么就要用how来搭配。如：How disappointed Jenny was！詹妮多么失望啊！(2)(2013福建，22)Dont turn off the computer before closing all programs(否则)you could have problems.,or,主谓一致,1.就近一致原则和就远原则(1)由or,not only.but also.,neither.nor.，either.or.，whether.or.，not.but.等连接两个或两个以上的并列主语时，通常根据就近一致原则，谓语动词要与离它最近的主语在数上保持一致。Neither his parents nor I am able to persuade him to change his mind.我和他的父母都不能使他改变主意。,(2)here/there引导一个句子而主语又不止一个时，通常根据就近原则，谓语动词要与离它最近的主语在数上保持一致。Here is a ruler,a few pencils and two books.这里有一把尺子，几支铅笔和两本书。(3)“名词with,along with,together with,as well as,rather than,but,except等名词”结构作主语时，谓语动词的单复数形式与第一个名词保持一致。Tom as well as two of his friends was invited to the party.汤姆以及他的两个朋友一起被邀请参加聚会了。,2.意义一致原则(1)谓语动词必须用单数的情况表示学科的名词以及works(工厂)，news(消息)等作主语时，虽然本身为复数形式，但表示单数意义时，谓语动词仍用单数。Politics is his favorite subject.政治是他最喜欢的学科。表示某些组织机构的名词、书/报名、国名、地名等作主语时，虽然形式上是复数，但所表示的意义是单数，所以谓语动词用单数。Do you know when the United Nations was set up?你知道联合国是什么时间建立的吗？,(2)谓语动词必须用复数的情况 表示总称意义的名词，如people,police,public,cattle等作主语时，谓语动词用复数。The police are searching for the murderer.警察正在搜捕杀人犯。(3)谓语动词的形式依据主语表示的意义而定集体名词，如family,class,group,team,club，company,government,population等作主语时，谓语动词的形式根据其在语境中表示的意义而定。当其表示集体意义，强调整体概念时，谓语动词用单数；当其表示集体中各个组成部分，强调个体概念时，谓语动词用复数。,As far as I know,his family is not very large but the family are all music lovers.据我所知，他的家族很大，但是每个家庭成员都是音乐爱好者。“the形容词/分词”表示“一类人”时，谓语动词用复数。The poor were looked down upon in the old days.在古时候，穷人被人瞧不起。,3.语法一致原则(1)由and连接的两个名词作主语“a/the名词单数and名词单数”表示一个人(双重身份)，谓语动词用单数。The teacher and poet often gives lectures around the city.这位老师兼诗人经常在城市周边做报告。“a/the名词单数and a/the名词单数”表示两个人，谓语动词用复数。The teacher and the poet have just arrived.这位老师和这位诗人刚刚到达。,“every名词单数and every名词单数”表示每一个人，谓语动词用单数。Every boy and every girl has the right to receive education in our country.在我们国家每个男孩和女孩都有权利接受教育。通常由两个部件组成的物品如：a knife and fork(一副刀叉)等作主语时，谓语动词用单数。Bread and butter is not to his taste.面包和黄油不合他的口味。,(2)表示时间、数量、长度及价格的名词，尽管有时是复数形式但常被看作是一个整体，谓语动词用单数形式。Is fifty pounds enough？50磅够吗？(3)“分数/百分数of名词”作主语时，谓语动词的形式根据of后的名词的形式来定，如果名词是可数名词复数，谓语动词用复数形式；如果名词是单数可数名词或不可数名词，谓语动词用单数形式。Twothirds of the books are about science.三分之二的书是与科学相关的。Only 30%of the work was done yesterday.昨天只有30%的工作被完成了。,(4)当“a number of复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数；当“the number of复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。A number of new houses have been built there.在那儿已建起许多新房子。The number of the people who know the secret is very limited.知道这个秘密的人数很有限。,(5)“large amounts of不可数名词”作主语，谓语动词用复数；“large quantities of不可数名词/复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数。Large amounts of money are being invested in the local market.大量的资金正被投入到当地的市场上。Large quantities of materials were spent on the building.建这个大楼耗费了大量的材料。(6)“many a/more than one单数名词”作主语时，尽管其意义是复数概念，但它的谓语动词仍用单数。More than one person is involved in the matter.不止一个人卷入到这件事中。,(7)定语从句中的谓语动词的单复数形式与先行词的单复数形式保持一致。one of复数名词关系代词动词复数形式。The Great Wall is one of the worldfamous buildings that draw lots of visitors.长城是吸引大批游客的世界著名建筑之一。the(only)one of复数名词关系代词动词单数形式。The Great Wall is the only one of the buildings on the earth that is seen from the moon.长城是地球上唯一一个能从月球上看到的建筑物。,用所给词的适当形式填空(1)The writer and translator(be)delivering a speech in our school now.(2)He or I(be)to go.(3)(be)not only the students but also their teacher required to attend the meeting?(4)Ten years(be)a moment in history.(5)A third of his compositions(have)been corrected.,is,am,Are,is,have,(6)(2013北京，23)The famous musician,as well as his students，(invite)to perform at the opening ceremony of the 2012 Taipei Flower Expo.解析本题考查主谓一致。句意：这个著名的音乐家和他的学生被邀请在2012年的台北花展上演出。主语是The famous musician,as well as连接两个并列主语时，谓语动词采用就前原则；2012 Taipei Flower Expo是一个过去的时间，动作已经发生，和现在没有关系，用一般过去时。,was invited,(7)(2013上海，39)Among the crises that face humans(be)the lack of natural resources.解析考查倒装和主谓一致。句意：自然资源的缺乏是人类面临的危机之一。根据介词短语不可以做主语的原则，可判断出这是一个倒装句，主语为the lack of natural resources，中心词为lack，所以用单数的is。,is,易错点1not until的误用,Not until the motorbike looked almost new(他才停下)repairing and cleaning it.解析not until放在句首，句子应用部分倒装结构。,did he stop,【即时小练】改写句子：直到昨天晚上，他才回家。A：He didnt return home until last night.B：Not until last night.,did he return home,以题说法not until结构用于倒装句型中的主要形式为：Not until表示时间的词或从句部分倒装结构。该结构有如下特点：(1)not until.部分位于句首；(2)部分倒装结构中无否定性结构；(3)当until后接从句时，且not until.位于句首时，那么主句要倒装，从句不倒装(如本题)。突破指南学生应熟记倒装的一些常用词，了解其使用规则，做到“有法可依”。,易错点2省略问题的误区,In my opinion,life in the twentyfirst century is much easier than(过去).解析考查英语中动词不定式省略。当动词不定式中有be动词或have时，应对其进行保留。,it used to be,【即时小练】判断正()误()(1)我叫他去看电影，但是他不想去。I asked him to see the film,but he didnt want to.()I asked him to see the film,but he didnt want to see.()(2)他还没完成。他早该完成了。He hasnt finished yet.Well,he ought to.()Well,he ought to have.(),以题说法分析句子结构可知，it指代前面提到过的名词life,used to be表示“过去”；当动词不定式中有be动词或have 时，要对其进行保留；而在其他情况下保留到不定式符号to即可。突破指南省略在高中英语中比较常见，学生应该分清句子结构，再根据具体的省略的原则去做题。,先翻译下面的句子，然后连成一篇50词左右的小短文。1.宋祖英是一位著名的歌唱家，在某些方面她对民族音乐有重大影响。(in some ways，have an effect on)2.每次举办音乐会，观众都被她的优秀歌唱迷住。(impress)3.因为出色的表演，她曾获得许多奖项。(award)4.年轻歌手从她那里学到了很多东西。(learn from)5.宋祖英决心为中国音乐的发展作出更大的贡献。(make a contribution to),【参考范文】Song Zuying is a famous musician,who has a great effect on the folk music in some ways.Every time a concert is held,the audience are impressed by her brilliant singing.She has won a lot of awards for her outstanding performance.Some young singers have learned a lot from her.Song Zuying has decided to make a greater contribution to the development of Chinese music.,