《科技英语翻译》PPT课件.ppt

科技英语翻译,肖石英,科技英语的特点,大量使用名词化结构频繁使用非限定动词广泛使用被动句后置定语很常见用多种方式表达数字及否定经常使用长难句习惯使用复合词与缩略词有时非常专业化的科技文章中又会夹杂许多日常用语,语气正式陈述客观准确语言规范文体质朴逻辑性强专业术语性强,科技英汉翻译步骤,通读原文，了解大意。辨明语法关系，搞清句与句之间的逻辑关系。根据原文所涉及的主题或事物，确定某些多义词的词义。选择合适的翻译技巧，按照汉语习惯遣词造句，重述原文内容。通读译文，修改、定稿。,第一章 英语词语的正确理解与表达,1.词义的选择,1.1 根据词类选择This light is too poor to read by.Aluminum is a light metal.The fire wont light.Dr.Sun Yat-sen is one of the lights in history.Her face was lighted by a smile.Hes a bit light since his accident.,这光线太暗不能看书。铝是一种轻金属。这火点不着。孙中山博士是历史上著名人物之一。微笑使她容光焕发。那次意外事件后他总是有点头晕。,1.2 根据专业内容选择The invention of air travel caused a revolution in our way of life The earth makes one revolution round the sun in about 365 days.Revolution of a right triangle about one of its legs generates a cone.The revolution of the season is repeated year by year.,航空旅行这一创举使我们的生活方式发生了根本性的变革。地球约365天绕太阳公转一次。直角三角形绕一边旋转即成椎体。季节的更替一年四季周而复始。,1.3 根据搭配习惯选择 A deep well A deep sleep A deep voice A deep blue A deep mind A deep thinker A deep politician Deep in debtDeep disgrace,深井 酣睡低沉的声音 深蓝色深邃的思想 深刻的思想家狡猾的政客 债台高筑奇耻大辱,A heavy box Heavy rainHeavy taxes A heavy roadA heavy heart Heavy newsA heavy sky A heavy lineHeavy features A heavy walkHeavy food A heavy offenceHeavy reading A woman heavy with child,2023/11/7,一个重箱子 大雨 苛税 崎岖的道路 承重的心情 令人难过的消息 阴沉的天 粗线条 粗陋的面貌 笨拙的步伐 油腻的食物 重罪 沉闷的读物 孕妇,2023/11/7,1.4 根据上下文选择That car is really moving.Share prices moved ahead today.They dont live here any longertheyve moved away.I was moved by her story.The MP moved an amendment to the Bill.When will the government move on this matter？This new line of stock is moving much too slowly.,那辆汽车真快。股票价格今日上扬。他们已不住在这里-他们已经搬走了。她的故事感动了我。那位下院议员提议修订该法案。政府何时在这个问题上采取行动？这批新货很滞销。,2.词义的引申,2.1 将词义做具体化的引申High speed grinding does not know this disadvantage.The transistor will do most of the things a triode tube will do.Rubber is soft,it gives way to pressure.These drugs are used to treat nine serious medical conditions.,高速磨削不存在这种缺点。晶体管能起三极管所能起的大部分作用。橡皮柔软，受压就会变形。这些药品可以用来医治九种严重的疾病。,2.2 将词义做抽象化的引申In some countries,computer is still in its infancy.In order to survive,to feed,clothe,and shelter himself and his children,man has to learn how to use the things he finds in nature.,在有些国家，计算机仍处于发展初期。为了生存，为了自己及后代的衣、食、住，人类 必须学会使用从自然界获得的一切东西。,第二章 转换翻译法,英语和汉语分属不同语系，在语言结构与表达形式上各有特点。有些句子能逐词对译，有些则不能。为使译文表达清楚，符合规范，翻译时就需要采用适当的词性转换、句子成分转换，乃至句型转换等转换翻译法。2.1 词性的转换 2.1.1 可转换成汉语动词的各种情况（1）（具有动作意义的）名词、名词化结构及起名词作用的不定式、动名词等一般均可译成汉语的动词。,During the two-hour talk,the two sides exchanged views on the choice of terms of payment,but they made no mention of the mode of transportation.It took him two weeks to learn to operate a computer.Before going into details,may I ask you some questions?(2)英语介词在很多情况下，尤其是构成状语、含动词意义时往往译成汉语的动词。He often referred to handbooks for some data when designing.Noise figure is minimized by a parametric amplifier.This electric meter is of high sensibility.,在两个小时的商谈中，双方就付款方式交换了意见，但却没有提到运输方式。学会操作计算机用了他两周的时间。在讨论细节之前，我可以问你几个问题吗？设计时他常参考手册查阅一些数据。采用参量放大器后便降低了噪声系数。这块电表具有很高的灵敏度。,（3）作表语的形容词及副词可转译成汉语的动词。Scientists are confident that all matter is indestructible.Both of the substances are not soluble in water.Also present in solids are numbers of free electrons.The new book is out.The elevator is out again.You may feel its electric charge flow through your body and away into the earth.(4)做定语的分词也常转译成汉语动词。There was a large amount of output power wasted because of leakage.,科学家们深信，一切物质都是不灭的。这两种物质并非都溶于水。固体中也存在大量的自由电子。新书出版了。电梯又出故障了。你会感觉到电流从你的身体中流过，然后离开进入地下。由于漏电而耗损了大量的输出功率。,2.1.2 可转换成汉语名词的各种情况（1）某些英语动词表达的概念难以直接用汉语动词来翻译是可转换成汉语名词。The new liquid crystals feature wide working temperature range,low-voltage operation and high reliability.A TV set differs from a radio in that it receives pictures.,(2)某些表示事物特征的形容词作表语时可转译成汉语名词；带有定冠词的某些形容词用做名词也译成汉语名词。Some people think tomorrows computers will be intelligent.X is used in mathematics for the unknown in equation.Mercury is appreciably volatile even at room temperature.,2023/11/7,新型液晶的特点是工作温度 范围宽、工作电压低、可靠性高。电视机与收音机的区别在于电视机能接受图像。有人认为未来的计算机将具有智能。X在数学上用来表示方程中的未知数。水银即使在室温下挥发性也很强。,（3）在英语中常常大量使用代词。为了使概念清楚，符合汉语表达习惯，英译汉时可将代词还原为所指的名词。Radio waves are similar to light waves except their wave length is much greater.(4)某些副词转译成汉语的名词可以使译文更加顺畅。People in enterprises must be mathematically informed if they are to make wise decision.Internally the earth consists of two parts,a core and a mantle.,无线电波与光波相似，但无线电波的波长要长得多。企业管理人员要想做出明智的决策，就必须懂得数学。地球的内部由两部分组成：地核和地幔。,2.1.3 可转换成汉语形容词的各种情况,（1）在英语中，有些表达事物性质的名词是由形容词派生而来的，本身就具有形容词的性质,汉译这类词时，可转译为汉语的形容词。Single crystals of high perfection are an absolute necessity for the fabrication of integrated circuit.The lower stretches of rivers show considerable variety.,(2)修饰动词的副词，由于动词转换成汉语名词，因而可相应的转译成汉语形容词。This waveguide tube is chiefly characterized by its simplicity of structure.(3)修饰形容词的副词，由于形容词转成汉语的名词，因而可相应地转译成汉语形容词。Mercury is appreciably volatile even at room temperature.,2023/11/7,对制造集成电路来说，高纯度的单晶是绝对必要的。河流下游的情况是大不相同的。这种波导管的主要特点是结构简单。即使在室温下，水银的挥发性也很显著。,2.1.4 可转译换成汉语副词的各种情况,（1）修饰名词的形容词，由于名词转换成汉语动词，因而相应地转译成汉语副词。The application of electronic computers makes for a tremendous rise in labor productivity.,(2)形容词转译成副词的其他情况It is prudent to make sure that there are no short circuits.The same principles of low internal resistance also apply to million-meters.This is the very book I want.,2023/11/7,计算机的运用大大地提高了劳动生产率。要小心地查明确无短路情况。低内阻原理同样地适用于毫安表。这正是我需要的那本书。,2.2 句子成分的转换,2.2.1 主语的转换（1）转换为汉语宾语,这种转换常用于被动句。Modern industry requires that more and more natural gas be tapped.(2)转换为汉语谓语There is a need for improvement in our experimental work.,(3)转换为汉语定语Warm-blooded animals have a constant body temperature.(4)转换为汉语状语June 2014 will see the signing of the memorandum of understanding.,2023/11/7,现代工业要求开发越来越多的天然气。我们的实验工作需要改进。热血动物的体温是恒定的。谅解备忘录将于2014年6月签定。,2023/11/7,2.2.2 谓语的转换,在翻译中，英语句子的谓语一般无须特殊处理，只是在某些情况下，英语句子的谓语可以转换为汉语的主语、定语及状语等。A sketch serves to express ones idea graphically.The sun produces in three days more heat than all earth fuels could ever produce.For the first time in the annals of space,a piloted ship had succeeded in launching an earth satellite.,2023/11/7,草图的作用就是把人们的想法用图表示出来。太阳在3天内发出的热量比地球上所有燃料能发出的热量还要多。载人飞船成功地发射了一颗人造地球卫星，这在航天史上尚属首次。,2023/11/7,宾语的转换（1）转换为汉语的主语。This sort of stone has a relative density of 2.7.(2)转换为汉语谓语。Physical changes do not result in formation of new substance,nor do they involve a change in composition.The following provides a brief account of how the human body is built.,2023/11/7,这种石头的相对密度是2.7。物理变化不生成新物质，也不改变物质的成分。下面简要说明人体是如何构成的。,2023/11/7,2.2.4 定语的转换（1）转换为汉语谓语Many factors enter into equipment reliability.(2)转换为汉语状语We should have a firm grasp of the fundamentals of mechanics.,2023/11/7,涉及设备可靠性的因素很多。我们应牢固掌握力学的基本知识。,2023/11/7,2.2.5 状语的转换（1）转换为汉语主语 In size and appearance Mercury is very much like our moon.Sodium is very active chemically.(2)转换为汉语定语 At sea level our atmosphere exerts a pressure of about fifteen pounds per square inch.,2023/11/7,水星的大小和外观很像月亮。钠的化学性质很活跃。海平面上的大气压力为每平方英寸15磅。,2023/11/7,2.3 词语意义的转译,由于英汉两种语言的达意方式不同，因此汉译时其词语的含义有时也应转译。The expense of such an instrument has discouraged its use.When the ore is reduced to 60 mesh,it is more compatible to floatation.,2023/11/7,这种仪器很贵，使其应用受到了限制。这种矿石磨碎到60网目以下就比较适合于浮选。,2023/11/7,第三章 增译法,所谓增译法，就是英译汉时，在译文中增补 一些在修辞上、语法结构上、语义上或语气 上必不可少的词。3.1 复数名词汉译引起的增译。增译表示复数的汉语词，如：“许多”、“若干”、“一些”、“一批”、“有些”、“各”、“诸”等。特别是当原文中的复数具 有不可忽视的意义，若不译出就会造成误解 或语义不全时，更应如此。,2023/11/7,After a series of experiments important phenomena have been ascertained.You must know the properties of the instrument before you use it.The first electronic computers went into operation in 1945.When the ends of a copper wire are joined to an electric cell,a steady of electricity flows through the wire.,2023/11/7,经过一系列实验后，弄清了许多重要现象。在使用这种仪器前，必须弄清它的各种性能。第一批电子计算机于1945年投入使用。把一根铜线的两端连接到电池上，就会有稳定的电流流过该铜线。,2023/11/7,3.2 抽象名词汉译引起的增译英语中有许多抽象名词，这些词不能给人具体明确的含义。因此，汉译时要加上“方法”、“情况”、“性”、“作用”、“过程”、“现象”、“效应”、“装置”、“设计”、“强度”或“变化”等措辞。如：Solution to the heating problem of the electric machine was ultimately found.To get an idea of electrical pressure,let us consider a simple analogy.,2023/11/7,From the view point of conductivity,aluminum is a good material to be used for electric wires.The computations are so complicated that it would take one electronic computer several hours to work them out.From the evaporation of water people know that liquid can turn into gases under certain conditions.The magnetization of this metal is being tested.,2023/11/7,终于找到了电机发热问题的解决方法。为了得出电压 的概念，让我们考虑一个简单的类似情况。从导电性的观点看，铝是做导线的好材料。这些计算过程是如此复杂，就是用计算机也得花上几个小时方能算完。从水的蒸发现象，人们得知液体在一定的条件下能转化为气体。正在测试这种金属的磁化强度。,2023/11/7,3.3 添加量词引起的增译 英语是一种缺乏量词的语言，而汉语则拥有丰富多彩的量词。因此，汉译数词时往往要添加适当的量词，这样才能使译文符合汉语的规范。A vector can be resolved into two or more other vectors whose sum is equal to the original vector.Upon gaining two electrons the alpha particle becomes a helium atom.There stands a high building by the river.,2023/11/7,一个矢量可分解为两个或两个以上的不同矢量，这些矢量的和等于原矢量。粒子 获得两个电子之后就变成了氦原子。河边屹立着一幢高大的建筑物。,2023/11/7,3.4 翻译省略成分而一起的增译（1）翻译为避免重复而出现的省略成分时的增译英语最忌讳重复，凡前面出现的部分一般后面便不再出现，以避免重复。但汉译时往往需将其增补上，这样才能使汉语语句完整。Like charges repel each other,but opposite charges attract(each other).As we know,all matter consists of molecules,and molecules(consists)of atom.The letter I stands for the current in amperes,E(stands for)the electromotive force in volts,and R(stands for)the resistance in ohms.,2023/11/7,同性电荷相互排斥，异性电荷相互吸引。众所周知，一切物质由分子组成，而分子由原子组成。字母I 代表电流（单位为安培），E 代表电动势（单位为伏特），R 代表电阻（单位为欧姆）。,2023/11/7,（2）翻译由于英语语法规则而出现的省略成分时的增译We suggest that the test(should)be done by 12 oclock.This conclusion proved(to be)correct.This seems(to be)an important point.,2023/11/7,我们建议这项实验应在12点前做完。这一结论原来是正确的。看来这是很重要的一点。,2023/11/7,3.5 添加关联词引起的增译 Other liquids being too light,a barometer uses mercury.We have to oil the moving parts of the motor,the friction of which may be greatly reduced.Most of the vapor turns to liquid in the condenser and returns to the flask.,2023/11/7,由于其它液体太轻，因此，气压表用水银。我们必须给电动机的转动部件加油，这样摩擦就可大大减少。大部分蒸汽先在冷凝器中转化为液体，然后再回到烧瓶中去。,2023/11/7,3.6 添加表示时态的词引起的增译The solution is about to boil.This electric generator has been working for several hours.By three oclock this afternoon,the fuel in the furnace will have burned up.,2023/11/7,溶液马上就要沸腾了。这台发电机已运行了几个小时。到今天下午三点，炉内燃料将烧尽。,2023/11/7,3.7 添加概括性或分述性词语引起的增译英语中在列举事实时很少用概括性的词语，在分述事物时也很少用分述性的词语，但汉语则恰恰相反。因此，汉译时需根据情况增加一些概括性或分述性词语。The chief effects of electric currents are the magnetic,heating,and chemical effects.There are three basic ways of producing or storing electricity:by generator,by battery,or by accumulator.,2023/11/7,电流的效应有磁效应、热效应和化学效应三种。电的生产和储存基本方法有三种：一种是用发电机，一种是用电池，一种是用蓄电池。,2023/11/7,3.8 汉译被动语态引起的增译英汉翻译中，有时会将被动语态译成主动语态。这时原文中没有出现的行为主体便会在译文中出现，因而也就引起增译。Electronics is based upon an understanding of physical world.Rubber is found a good material for the insulation of cable.,2023/11/7,电子学是以人们对物质世界的认识为基础的。人们发现橡胶是一种用于电缆绝缘的理想材料。,2023/11/7,3.9汉译祈使句引起的增译 英语的祈使句具有“命令”、“请求”或“叮咛”等含义，因此汉译时应视不同情况添加“请”、“要”、“应”、“须”、“试”、“千万”、“一定”、“务必”等词语。When the machine is in operation,do keep away from it.Name five different kinds of matter.Calculate the unknowns in the following.,2023/11/7,机器在运行时，千万不能靠近。请列举五种不同的物质。试求以下未知数。,3.10 汉译某些动名词引起的增译英语中的动名词是由动词变形而来，但其动作性已高度抽象化了。在汉译成具体动作时，应相应增译某些表达具体动作的动词。Dimensioning is a complicated work and long experiences are required for the mastering of it.Testing is a complicated problem,so be careful.,2023/11/7,进行尺寸标注是一项复杂的工作，需要有长期经验才能完成。进行测试是一个复杂的问题，因此，务必格外小心。,2023/11/7,3.11 汉译时为再现某些词引起的增译This magnetic field may be that of a bar magnet,U-shaped magnet,or an electromagnet.We call this field of force the electric,or electrostatic field.Changing the number of turns of coils may step up or step down the voltage.The wiring of portable appliances,such as electric fires,irons,or kettles,needs particular care.,2023/11/7,该磁场可以是一根条形磁铁的磁场，可以是马蹄型磁铁的磁场，也可以是电磁铁的磁场。我们称这种力场为电场，或静电场。改变线圈匝数可升压、也可降压。便携式电器，如电炉、电熨斗、电热水壶的布线要格外小心。,2023/11/7,3.12 添加某些解释性词语引起的增译We will go there by a Benz.Yesterday he bought a Sumsung.,2023/11/7,我们将乘奔驰车去那。昨天他买了一台三星手机。,2023/11/7,第四章 省译法,英语有些词，如冠词、介词、连词和代词，在汉语中要么没有必要，要么用得不多，主要是因为汉语可以借助词序来表达逻辑关系。因此，英汉翻译中的词量减少主要出现在英语冠词、介词、代词、连词及“it”在某些句型中的 省译。另外，英语的谓语动词有时也可省译，因为汉语不一定要用动词做谓语，可直接用形容词、名词、偏正词组、主谓词组等作谓语。英语系动词的省译更为常见。总之，科技英语翻译中，省译法用得比增译法更多些。,2023/11/7,A salt results when a metal takes the place of the hydrogen in an acid.Hydrogen is the lightest element with an atomic weight of 1.008.A wire lengthens while it is heated.Practically all substances expand when heated and contract when cooled.,2023/11/7,It was no until the middle of the 19th century that the blast furnace came into use.This formula makes it easy to determine the wavelength of sounds.When the pressure gets low,the boiling point becomes low.For this reason television signals have a short range.,2023/11/7,当酸中的氢被金属取代之后，就生成盐。氢是最轻的元素，原子量为1.008.金属丝受热则伸长。几乎所有的物质都是热胀冷缩。,2023/11/7,直到十九世纪中叶，鼓风炉才开始使用。这一公式使得确定声音的波长十分容易。气压低，沸点就低。因此，电视信号的传播距离很短。,2023/11/7,第五章句量的增减-分译与合译,由于英汉两种语言的表达习惯不同，常常需要把英语中只有一个主谓结构的句子译成具有两个或两个以上主谓结构的汉语句子，这就是分译；反之，就是合译。汉语一般不用长句，因此英译汉时，往往要把英语较长的句子成分或不易安排的句子成分拆开来，译成汉语的分局，以使译文层次分明，合符汉语的习惯。,2023/11/7,单词的分译有的英语句子虽不长，但字对字译出的译文很别扭，读来非常拗口，这时往往可以把这个单词译成一个分句或单句。This year the estimated production of transistors is 400 million,and we can safely assume that even this tremendous number is likely to increase.He spoke with understandable pride of the invention of the instrument.,2023/11/7,As a secret training base for a new plane,it was an excellent site,its remoteness effectively masking its activity.短语的分译这种现象在英译汉中比单词分译更常见。英语中能提出来分译的短语，通常有分词短语、介词短语、动词不定式短语和名词短语。,2023/11/7,Let us have a good look at Fig.2 showing how heat makes objects expand.The weight of an object has been found to vary from place to place on the earth.句子的分译所谓句子的分译，指的是把原文的从句译成分句，或把一个简单句拆开译成两个或两个以上的句子，以及在翻译复合句过程中增加分句或句子的数量。,2023/11/7,Two of the advantages of the transistor are its being small in size and its being able to be put close to each other without overheating.Flying is the oldest dream of man,perhaps reaching back to the days when caveman looked longingly upward at the birds flying overhead as they wearily pursued the animals on the earth beneath.,2023/11/7,今年晶体管的产量估计是4亿只。这个数字虽然已经很大，但产量可能还有增加。我们这样估计是有把握的。他谈到那种仪器的发明时很自豪，这一点是可以理解的。作为新型飞机的秘密训练基地，这地方是很理想的，它地处穷乡僻壤，特别便于有效隐蔽其活动。,2023/11/7,让我们仔细看一下图2，它说明热如何使物体膨胀。已经发现，一个物体的重量在地球上因地而异。晶体管有两个优点:一是体积小，二是相互能靠近放置而不过热。飞行是人类最古老的梦想，也许要追溯到穴居人时代。那时候，当他们在地面上追捕动物累得筋疲力尽时，仰头看着在头顶上飞翔的鸟儿，无限向往。,2023/11/7,合 译 法合译法是把两个或两个以上的简单句（或并列句），或是把主从复合句或并列复合句合译成一个单句。,2023/11/7,There are always particles of dust in the air.Dust tints sunsets and pollutes city air.The structure of the steel and the resulting properties will depend on how hot the steel gets and how quickly or slowly it is cooled.The Post Office was helpful,and Marconi applied in June 1896 for the worlds first radio patent.,2023/11/7,空气中总是有尘埃，会使夕阳染上红色，也使城市空气受到污染。钢的结构及最终特性，将视其加热程度及冷却快慢而定。在英国邮局帮助下，马可尼于1896年6月申请了世界上第一项无线电专利。,2023/11/7,第六章 被动句的译法,6.1.1 译成汉语主动句的情况（1）把原主语仍译为主语。当英语被动句中的主语为无生命的名词，又不出现由介词by 引导的行为主体时，往往可译成汉语的主动句。这种把被动语态直接译成主动语态的句子，实际上是省略了“被”字的被动句。When rust is formed,a chemical change has taken place.,2023/11/7,(2)把原主语译成宾语。Friction can be reduced and the life of the machine