汉英比较与翻译chapter.ppt

Chapter IV Study on syntax and Translation,英汉句法对比与翻译,英汉语言分属不同的语系，各自有着不同的语言类型、文字系统、语音系统以及词法上的差异，因此英汉语言在语篇构成与句法上也存在很大的差异。英译汉时必须使用汉语的句法来表达英语的意思。如果按照英语句法直译，译文将受到英语表达方式的影响和束缚，违反汉语表达习惯。反之，汉译英时也必须采用英语的句法来表达汉语的意思，尽可能适应英语的表达方式和习惯。因此，熟悉英汉语言语篇与句法上的差异对正确地进行英汉翻译十分重要。,英语国家沿袭了古代希腊人非常严格和规范的语词系统。古代希腊人认为,语词系统与思维系统是相一致的,要表达一个清晰合理的思想就离不开清晰合理的词形和句法。而在一个毫无条理的陈述结构中,思想肯定也是杂乱无章的,而杂乱无章的思想是没有意义的。英语形合的特征正是在这样一种背景之下形成的。,与之相反,中国人重直觉,强调意念流,只要能够达意,词的形式是无关紧要的,词语之间的关系常在不言中,语法意义和逻辑关系常隐藏在字里行间。正所谓“子曰:辞,达而已矣”(论语.卫灵公)。(The master said,in official speeches,all that matters is to get ones meaning through.),5,形合与意合,形合与意合是英汉在语言学上最重要的一个区别英语：形合Hypotaxis，长句多，强调结构的完整性和形态的严谨性，结构严密紧凑，主次分明，依靠代词、介词、连词建立骨架并将句子串起。汉语：意合Parataxis（形散），强调内容和表意的完整性，常靠语意的逻辑将句子串起，连词介词都少于英语。英译汉时，往往要先分析句子的结构，形式，才能确定句子的功能、意义；汉译英时，往往要先分析句子的功能、意义，才能确定句子的结构、形式。（基本方法）,6,Contrast Between English and Chinese,ChineseMeaning-focused with emphasis on implicit coherence(隐性连贯)Paratactic语义型语言(以意统形),EnglishForm-focused with emphasis on explicit cohesion（显性联接）Hypotactic形态型语言(以形驭意),I、句法特征之对比研究,英语重形合Hypotactic，汉语重意合 Paratactic 英语重形合、汉语重意合是英汉两种语言在句法特征上的最主要区别之一。所谓形合是指主要靠语言本身语法手段，所谓意合是指主要靠句子内部逻辑联系。英语句法特征是“形合”，注重语法形式和功能。句子要按照语法规则来组织句子，其主语和谓语要求在人称、数、时态、语态上保持一致，主句和从句之间要用关联词语衔接起来。因而英语结构紧凑严密，其句义的明确，主要是靠严谨的句子结构，分明的逻辑关系，注重句篇中句子之间的排列、衔接、连贯等。例如：,1If she had long lost the blue-eyed,flower-like charm,the cool slim purity of face and form,the apple-blossom coloring which had so swiftly and oddly affected Ashurst twenty-six years ago,she was still at forty-three a comely and faithful companion,whose cheeks were faintly mottled,and whose grey-blue eyes had acquired certain fullness.如果说她早已失掉了那蔚蓝色眼睛的、花儿般的魅力，也失掉了她脸儿和身段的那种玉洁冰清、苗条多姿的气质和那苹果花似的颜色二十六年前这种花容月貌曾那样迅速而奇妙地影响过艾舍斯特那么在四十三岁的今天，她依旧是个好看而忠实的伴侣，不过两颊淡淡地有点儿斑驳，而灰蓝色的眼睛也有了岁月的沉淀。,9,例 Accomplishment is often deceptive because we dont see the pain and perseverance that produced it.So we may credit the achiever with brains,brawn or lucky break and let ourselves off the hook because we fall short in all three.【译文】成就常常使人产生错觉，使人只看到功成名就，却看不到成就的来之不易，和为之所付出的艰辛困苦，总以为成功者之所以成功是因为人家身体棒、脑子灵、运气好，从而为自己找借口开脱，说自己没有获得成功是因为自己不具备上述这三条。,10,英语的形合法,英语造句常用各种形式手段连接词、语、分句或从句，注重显性接应（overt cohesion），注重句子形式，注重结构完整，注重以形显义。英语句中的连接手段和形式（cohesive ties）不仅数量大，种类多，而且用得十分频繁,11,Rhythmic speech or writing is like waves of the sea,moving onward with alternating rise and fall,connected yet separated,like but different,suggestive of some law,too complex for analysis or statement,controlling the relations between wave and wave,waves and sea,phrase and phrase,phrases and speech.H.W.Fowler(1858 1933),12,汉语的意合法,汉语造句少用甚至不用形式连接手段，注重隐性连贯(covert coherence)，注重逻辑事理顺序，注重功能、意义，注重以神统形。,天净沙.秋思 马致远 枯滕老树昏鸦，小桥流水人家，古道西风瘦马，夕阳西下，断肠人在天涯。,In twilight,a crow perched on an old tree which was twisted by a withered vine.A house stood beside a bridge crossing over a river.A jaded horse was lingering alone on the immemorial way,bearing the bitter west wind.Now the sun gradually faded down.The rover was still on his way to next destination far away from his own home.It was this scene made him desperately homesick.,试比较以下的英汉句子,1.Even if the monk can run away,his temple cannot run with him./The monks may run away,but the temple cannot run away with him.跑得了和尚，跑不了庙。2.Even if I were to be beaten to death,I will not tell.打死我也不说。3.Modesty helps one go forward,whereas conceit makes one lag behind.谦虚使人进步，骄傲使人落后。4.If winter comes,can spring be far behind?冬天来了，春天还会远吗？5.We will not attack unless we are attacked.人不犯我，我不犯人。,16,2.英语的末端开放与汉语的首端开放,Chinese:left-extendingEnglish:right-extending,17,Chinese:left-extending,heavy-headed like a lion,树 一棵树 一棵大树 一棵枝繁叶茂的大树 花园里一棵枝繁叶茂的大树 李家花园一棵枝繁叶茂的大树 同里镇李家花园一棵枝繁叶茂的大树,18,English:right-extendingheavy-tailed like a peacock,This is the cat.This is the cat that killed the rat.This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt（麦芽）.This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt that lay in the house.This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt that lay in the house that was built by Jack.,19,对.不对.他不对.我认为他不对.我告诉过你我认为他不对.我明明告诉过你我认为他不对.我开会时明明告诉过你我认为他不对.我昨天开会时明明告诉过你我认为他不对.,20,He is reading.He is reading a book.He is reading a book written by Mark Twain.He is reading a book written by Mark Twain in the reading-room.He is reading a book written by Mark Twain in the reading-room on the second floor of our library.He is reading a book written by Mark Twain in the reading-room on the second floor of our library which has just opened.,21,Contrast Between English and Chinese,ChineseChinese:left-extending,heavy-headed like a lion狮子型语言,EnglishEnglish:right-extendingheavy-tailed like a peacock孔雀型语言,22,英语重后饰;汉语重前饰.,汉语句子的语序一般以思维程序展开,而中国人的思维方式多是先考虑事物的环境和外围因素,再考虑具体事物和中心事件.反映到句式上,就是状语总放在谓语或句子主体的前边,定语无论长短,都要置于中心词之前.这样就使得单句的状语部分长,主谓部分短;主语部分长,谓语部分短;修饰成分长,中心词短.整体上形成头大尾小的狮子头形状.,23,英语重后饰;汉语重前饰.,英语句式则相反.英语的定语成分除单词外,多数都要置于中心词之后.英语重视末端重量,凡较长的词语及累赘的成分均须后移至句末.有时必须使用形式主语来避免句子的头重脚轻.由此造成句子结构头小尾大,像一只开屏的孔雀.,24,英语重后饰;汉语重前饰.,他去年为完成一个项目在实验室用计算机努力地干了十个月.He worked hard with computers in the lab for ten months in order to complete a project last year.那可能是一个地势低洼,连绵数英里,人迹罕至,荒茫贫瘠的白色干沙漠.It may be a low-lying arid stretch with miles of white sandy beach,and no sign of people,very bleached and barren.那个饥饿的,疲倦的,瞌睡的卖火柴的小女孩.that little match girl who was so hungry,tired and spleepy.,3.Subject vs.topic 主语与主题,中国传统哲学主张“天人合一”、“万物与我为一”，反映在语言上就是施事主体可以蕴含在行为事件的主观表现中。因此在句子构造中，汉语并不把主语看成必要的成分。正如王力所说：“就句子结构而论，西洋语言是法治的，中国语言是人治的。法治的不管主语用得着用不着，总要呆板地求句子形式的一律，人治的用得着就用，用不着就不用，只要能使人听懂说话人的意思，就算了。”,正因为汉语缺乏主语，语言学家从语言类型学的角度出发，认为汉语是主题显著(topic-prominent)的语言。,27,Compare the sentence structures of the two languages:,我的小孙子他很调皮。那所房子你们早该修了。英语这门语言，学会它可不容易。这里建大桥，我看行不通。,My little grandson is very naughty.You should have repaired the house.It is by no means easy to learn the English language.I dont think it workable to build a bridge here.,Chinese Structure:Topic-Comment 话题-评论,English Structure:Subject-Predicate 主语-谓语,28,Contrast Between English and Chinese,ChineseTopic-Comment Sentence Structure（话题-评论结构）,EnglishSubject-Predicate Sentence Structure（主语-谓语结构）,Topic-prominent Language话题突出型语言,Subject-prominent Language主语突出型语言,4.Tree structure vs.Bamboo structure 树状与竹状,西文句中名物字,多随举随释,如中文之旁支,后乃遥接前文,足意成句。”(严复)英语句子“多随举随释”，枝杈蔓生,呈树状结构,分叉处有介词,关系代词连接。而汉语按时间顺序或逻辑顺序逐层展开,节节延伸,犹如竹子。英语的词组与词组、句子与句子之间结构关系和逻辑联系必须交代得十分清楚。英语的关系词（包括介词、关系代词、关系副词、连接词等）十分丰富，英语正是靠这些关系词的过渡和连接，从形态上来维系句内和句间的各种关系的。因此英语句子结构呈树状，往往有一主干（复合句中的主句或简单句中的某主要成分），主干上枝蔓横生：句子成分随时可加以修饰，而修饰语中的某成分又可被别的成分修饰。由此往往形成长句。,30,英语呈树状结构，汉语呈竹状结构,31,Chinese:bamboo-like sentence structure（竹式结构）,从前这里有一个渔村，村里住着十户人家，这十户人家全靠打鱼、种地 为生，生活艰苦，但很安宁。开始家人是不让父亲抽烟的，得了绝症后，想开了，抽吧，拣好的买，想抽就抽。,The chunks of a sentence seem to be connected and yet separated,like sections of a bamboo linked by the joints and yet relatively independent and self-contained.,32,English:tree-like sentence structure（树式结构）,As a nation of gifted people who comprise about one-fourth of the total population of the earth,China plays in world affairs a role that can only grow more important in the years ahead.-Jimmy Carter,Branches and sub-branches:Adverbials and attributes,Trunk line:S+V+(O),33,Contrast Between English and Chinese,Chinese bamboo-like sentence structure（竹式结构）with different sections linked and yet separated,English tree-like sentence structure（树式结构）with different parts connected like branches and sub-branches to the trunk line,34,5.英语多复合长句;汉语多简单句,英语重形合以及英语各种替代词与关系词的广泛运用,导致英语较多出现“多枝共干”式长句,复合句.而汉语正好相反,多用短句,简单句.试比较:As we lived near the road,we often had the traveler or stranger visit us to taste our gooseberry wine,for which we had great reputation,and I confess,with the veracity of an historian,that I never knew one of them to find fault with it.本句的主干为:we often had the traveler or stranger visit us;其余借助于as,to,for which,and,with,that等词与主干一起构成长句.其汉语意思为:我们就住在路边.过路人或外乡人常到我们家,尝尝我们家酿的酸果酒.这种酒很有名气.我敢说,尝过的人,从没有挑剔过.我这话像历史学家的话一样靠得住.,汉语句子结构呈竹节状，逐节（短语或小句）展开。汉语的句子可以在同一施事或主题语之下按逻辑顺序铺陈，虽然小句间有逗号隔开，但语句的联系仍是紧密的。这样，汉译时经常由英语的树状转化为汉语的竹节状。,例如：The boy,who was crying as if his heart would break,said,when I spoke to him,that he was very hungray because he had had no food for two days.参考译文 男孩哭得心都快碎了，当我问及他时，他说饿极了，有两天没吃了。从上例可看出，英语十分注重句子的形式和结构的完整，上面英语句子主干为The boy said，但节外生枝，叠床架屋，竟有5个从句，用了who,as if,when,that,because等多个连接成分，形成一个空间构架，犹如“枝叶繁茂的参天大树”，呈树状。而相应的汉语节节展开,言简意赅，语意连贯，结构紧凑，呈竹状。,6.Static vs.Dynamic 静态与动态,表示人或事物的动作、行为、发展、变化的词叫做动词(verb)。英汉对动词的概括意义是一样的。动词是最复杂的一种词类，也是最活跃的一种词类。英语的动词又比汉语的动词复杂。本节重点放在分析英汉动词的主要差别。由于篇幅所限，也只能提纲挈领地说明一下。,英语有一种少用(谓语)动词、或用其他手段表示动作意义的自然倾向;而汉语则有一种多用动词的固有习惯。英语静态特征的表现主要有句法方式或词汇方式两种.前者如使用非谓语或非限定动词,省略动词以及将动词名词化等;后者如使用动词的同源名词,同源形容词,介词及副词等.相对而言,汉语的动词由于无英语动词那样的形态变化,若要表达动作意义,往往别无他法,只能起用动词本身.,英语有一种,39,英语每个句子中只能使用一个限定式动词(Finite verb)，唯一例外形式是并列句动词谓语；而汉语中却存在着“连动式”和“兼语式”，如“他到了火车站发现火车已经开走了”，以及紧缩句，如“我们下雨也去”,有的句子几乎全句都是动词,如“打得赢就打,打不赢就走,不怕没办法”。尤其是现代汉语以动词占优势，也就是说，在现代汉语中，一个句子不限于只用一个动词，可以连续使用几个动词，即所谓“动词连用”。动词连用是现代汉语句法显著特征之一。英语每个句子中只能使用一个定式动词(finite verb)，唯一例外型式是并列句动词谓语。所以汉语动词翻成英语时，有时只需要用一个动词，其他动词被转换成英语的名词、介词、非谓语动词或其他词类。,英语的限定动词只能做谓语，而汉语中的动词（包括动宾词组、主谓词组等）无处不在，不仅做谓语，也可以做主语，如“理论联系实际是我们党的优良传统”；做宾语，如“鲁迅主张打落水狗”；做定语，如“讨论的问题很重要”；做状语，如“一定要批判地继承我国的文学艺术遗产”和补语，如“小溪旁那些女人们听得笑起来了”。汉语为数不多的介词，大都是从古代汉语动词演变而来的，有些还具备动词的一般特点，兼属于介词和动词两类，因此有些语法学家称它们为“半动词”、“副动词”，“汉语中的绝大多数的介词，应该划归动词的范畴，只是入句时，表现了相当于英语介词的作用”,如“他在家”中的“在”为动词,而“他在家看书”中的“在”则为介词。,由此可见，英语是“静态”的语言，而汉语则是“动态”的语言。“英语的静态修辞实质是名词优势和介词优势，而介词优势又是名词优势的必然结果。因为名词与名词之间要借助介词来联结。”因此，在英译汉时常常要变“静”为“动”，把原文中表示动作意义的静态叙述转换成汉语的动态叙述，摆脱名词化的框架和大量介词的干扰，突出原文的动态色彩。,42,我忘了带钥匙。I forgot my key我倒了一杯茶给他喝。I offered him a cup of tea他拿着枪，绕着屋子巡走。He walked around the house with a gun他跳起来，连忙跑到浴室的镜子前，拿掉了毛巾，细看他面颊上的伤口。He jumped up and hastened to the mirror in the bathroom，taking away the towel to examine the cut upon his cheek.,43,大量的动词涌现在汉语句中，会不会引起动词臃肿和混乱呢?,答案是不会。因为汉语动词没有曲折的形态变化，形态十分稳定，使用时不受形态上的限制，比较方便。此外，每个动词都代表着一个动作。在一个具体情况下，都有动作发生的所在时间，因此几个动作的发生，必定有先有后，或同时。,44,静态与动态,A用介词来充当他迫使对方处于守势。He drove his opponent into a defensive position.我发现他在伏案工作。I found him at his desk 他们组织工人加入了工会。They have organized the workers into trade unions.,45,B由形容词来充当 他证明自己值得信赖。He proved himself worthy of confidence 我们必须使教室保持整洁。We must keep the classroom clean and tidy 什么事使你这样激动?What made you so excited?,46,C由副词来充当 让他进来。Let him in 一位男士驾车送我们回家。A gentleman drove us home,47,D由分词来充当 他忽然听见有人轻轻扣窗子。Suddenly he heard someone knocking lightly on the window.对不起，让你久等了。Im sorry to have kept you waiting,48,E由名词来充当 他们任命这位姑娘为公司的副董事。They nominated the girl vice-director 0f the company 他们推他为领袖。They made him their leader,49,F其他：我知道他很诚实。I know him to be honest 老师教育我成人。The teacher has made me what I am today,50,从上所述，我们知道，汉语倾向于多用动词，英语倾向于多用名词和介词。认识英汉不同词类优势或用词倾向，这对于提高译文质量很有益处。可以使译文更加通顺，确切。,51,Translation skills:可将某些英语名词转化成汉语的动词,He pays close attention to nuance and shading，and his rhetoric rarely varies 他聚精会神于斟词酌句，言谈如出一辙。I dont claim to be a soothsayer but I think the worst of the problem is behind us我不是在这里算命；我认为我们这么干后果是很不妙的。There was a mumbled conversationon in the backgroundThen a mans voice came on the phone 电话里有人在叽哩咕噜地交谈过了一会儿，一个男人给了我回话。,52,可将英语介词译成汉语动词,He wears six patches on his pants，each one a different colour 他裤子上打了六个补钉,一个补钉一个颜色。Up the street they went，past stores，across a broad square and then entered a huge building 他们朝大街走去，经过许多商店，穿过一个大广场，然后进了一座大厦。On camera he could be anyone；off，he was a nobody 他照在相片上真像个人物；其实呢，不过是个无名之辈,53,这将证实其使用是十分普遍的.That would be the confirmation that it was in general use.(confirm同根名词)除上述同源词外,还有众多的词可用来表示动作意义.如:glance,glimpse,look,mention,close等;形容词able,afraid,angry,anxious,aware,capable,good等.在特定的语言环境中,这些词都宜译作相应的动词.如:一看见他,我就紧张.The very sight of him makes me nervous.对此我深信不疑.Im sure of it.,54,例1：Inspiration is the number one cause of greatness.If information is power,then inspiration must be the power of our potential.The power that moves us from the systematic to the spontaneous.From ideas to results.【译文】灵感伟大成就之源。如果说信息为力量的 话，那么灵感便是一种使我们从按部就班到挥洒自如、从构思意念到取得成果的潜能。,55,英语为了获得句子形式上的平衡或修辞上的强调效果，经常将句中的某些成分的位置进行调整，如主谓倒装、宾语后置、或与其它成分的位置调换等，以产生修辞上的生动效果。这种句子成分的位置调换在汉语中比较少见。,7.英语语序变换多，汉语语序较固定,56,Chinese Order of Linguistic Elements汉语语序（1）Relatively fixed（相对固定）,Order of time（时间先后顺序）Words:古今、先后、早晚、始终、老少、生死Idioms:冬去春来、一呼百应、风平浪静Phrases:进城卖菜、离家出走、去教室看书Sentences:我们在美国读书的时候，结识了一位木匠。有一天，木匠开车接我们去他家，路上所谈，尽是木匠的事，深得其乐,57,Chinese Order of Linguistic Elements汉语语序（2）,Order of space（空间大小顺序）Words:大小、宽窄、粗细、长短、厚薄、胖瘦Idioms:大同小异、长话短说、厚古薄今Addresses:中国上海康桥路1500号Sentences:一到上海，我们首先想到浦东这片改革、开放的热土。于是我们驾车来到陆家嘴金融开发区，那节次鳞比、神态各异的摩天大楼令人眼花缭乱。我们决定先登上东方明珠广播电视塔,58,Chinese Order of Linguistic Elements汉语语序（3）,Order of importance（重轻顺序）Words:天地、日月、国家、君臣、优劣、强弱Idioms:国破家亡、天久地长、优胜劣汰、恃强凌弱、一人得道，鸡犬升天Phrases:红色的圆木桌、圆形的红木桌、木制的红圆桌Sentences:我用这把刀切肉。这把刀我用来切肉。切肉我用这把刀。,59,Chinese Order of Linguistic Elements汉语语序（4）,Order of logic（逻辑顺序：因果，条件-结果）志同道合，友谊才会持久。名不正则言不顺，言不顺则事不成。天下雨，运动会延期了。他爱睡懒觉，考试难过关。,60,English Order of Linguistic Elements英语语序,Relatively flexible order（语序相对灵活）resulting from the use of inflections and connectives,the Russian people,the people of Russia,the people living in Russia,the people who live in Russia,a pretty and clever girl a girl pretty and clever a girl who is pretty and clever,Phrases:,61,English Order of Linguistic Elements英语语序,志同道合，友谊才会持久。Friendship will last only if it is based on a common goal.Only if friendship is based on a common goal,it will last.,天下雨，运动会延期了。The sports meet was postponed because of rain.Because of rain,the sports meet was postponed.,Relatively flexible order（语序相对灵活）resulting from the use of flections and connectives,Sentences:,62,Please compare:,我们漫步街头，在中央大道附近发现了一个很大的棚户区，有很多迹象表明茅棚里还住了人。,We saw many signs of occupation while strolling along a street past a major concentration of the huts not far away from the Central Avenue.,Pay attention to Chinese order of time and space.,我们看到很多住人的迹象，当漫步街头走过一个很大的棚户集中地，离中央大道不远。,我们漫步街头，在中央大道附近发现了一个很大的棚户区，有很多迹象表明茅棚里还住了人。,63,8.英语重物称;汉语重人称.,英语的物称倾向十分明显,主要见于其对主语的择定.英语常选择不能施行动作或无生命事物的词语作主语.相对而言,汉语一般则更习惯于人称化的表达,尤其是主语,能施行动作或有生命物体为主语首选.试比较:他进门时带进一缕雪茄烟雾.A wave of cigar smoke accompanied him in.“嗨!嗨!”出租车司机嚷道,他一瞅见旅客就“砰”地打开车门.“Hi!Hi!”said the cab driver,the door of whose cab popped open at the very sight of a traveler.这位饱尝辛酸者,却让全世界的人发出笑声.Bitterness fed on the man who had made the world laugh.,64,无灵主语VS有灵主语,An idea suddenly stuck me.我突然想到一个主意。What has happened to you?你出了什么事了？,65,课堂互动1：翻译句子，注意语序、语态特点（参考译文）,1I suppose that if a man has a confused mind he will write in a confused way,if his temper is capricious his prose will be fantastical,and if he has a quick,darting intelligence that is reminded by the matter in hand of a hundred things,he will,unless he has great self-control,load his pages with metaphor and simile.【译文】我想，如果一个人思路不清，写起文章来也会杂乱无章；如果他性情多变、喜怒无常，他的文章也会充满奇思妙想；如果他思路敏捷，能由眼前之事联想到上百件事，除非他有很强的自我约束力，他的文章就会满篇是比喻联想。,66,9.英语多被动;汉语多主动,在什么情况下汉语的主动句转译成英语的被动句.1)强调受事,突出被动状态.地球上早期的火是大自然而不是人类引燃的.Early fires on the earth were caused by nature,not by man.2)因种种原因,不出现或无须说明施事者.这种书是给儿童写的.Such books are written for children.3)使句子结构匀称,文气连贯.他出现在台上,群众报以热烈的掌声.He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience.4)汉语中的某些习惯用语或泛指人称为主语的主动句.大家都认为这样做是不妥当的.It is generally considered not advisable to act that way.有人给你打电话.You are wanted on the phone.,67,英语重物称，常采用无生命词汇作主语，所以多被动句，并且不