成人零基础英语培训之词类.ppt

天津昌昊实业有限公司,成人英语基础培训之词类 18th.Jan.2016,成人学习英语要点,英语作为一门语言，想要掌握没有捷径，唯有不懈的积累词汇，加强练习。1.掌握音标2.积累词汇3.了解基本语法4.熟知英语表达的习惯5.加强平时阅读，培养眼缘及语境,音标 Phonetic symbol元音字母：A E I O U辅音字母：五个元音字母外的其他字母,音素 48个,元音20个发音时气流无阻，响亮清晰,辅音28个发音时气流通过口腔或鼻腔时受到一定的阻碍,音素是英语语音中最小的发音单位,单元音,前元音i:i e 中元音:后元音a:u:u:,合口双元音ei ai au u集中双元音i u,元音,双元音,辅音,爆破音 p b t d k g摩擦音 f v s z r h 破擦音 t d tr dr ts dz舌侧音 l 半元音 w j 鼻辅音m n,音节以元音为主体构成的发音单位一个元音或者一个元音+一个或者几个辅音可构成一个音节。单独的一个或者几个辅音不能构成一个音节。一个词中有几个元音就可以说它有几个音节。一个音节：Sitsit坐 makemek 制造 meetmi:t遇见两个音节：babybebi婴儿 tidytaidi 整洁的 sistersist姐妹三音节：Germany d:mni四音节：immediately mi:dtl立即 development dvelpm()nt 发展五音节：international ntnnl国际的 communication kmjunken沟通,Excuse me!Yes?Is this your handbage?Pardon?Is this your handbag?yes,it is.Thank you very much.Thats nothing.,Is this your handbag?,New word and expressionsexcuse kskjuz原谅 me mi 我（宾格）yes 是的，is your j:你的，你们的handbag hn(d)bg手提包pardon pdn原谅，请再说一遍Nothing n无，没什么,1.Excuse me!打扰一下 2.Is this your handbag?一般疑问句。回答用yes/noIs it your cat?Yes,it is./no,its not.Are you ok?Yes,Im ok./no,Im not so good.Can you speak English?Yes,I can./no,I cantIs she a teacher?Yes,she is./no,she isntDo you know Mr.Li?Yes,I do./no,I dont3.Pardon?当没有听清别人说的话时，要求别人再说一次 I beg your pardon。4.Thank you very much/thanks a lot/thanks.回答，its my pleasure/not at all/that is nothing.,Language points,5.me,you 代词,Grammar,代词,人称代词(I,we,you,us,you,they)指示代词(this,that,these,those)不定代词(some,any,anyone,few,many)疑问代词(what,who,which,why)物主代词(my,your,our,his,her,their its)反身代(myself,himself,herself,ourselves),人称代词：表示谁的词物主代词:表示所属关系的代词,也叫代词所有格,1.注意主谓一致。He is my brother.We are family.You are a good man.Please send me a email.Take a copy invoice to us,please!They will pick me up at 7:00p.m.He told us to hand in our documents.复数代词be动词用are，单数第三人称用is，第一人称用am,人称代词的运用,2.两个以上的人称代词并用时表达的顺序。单数时 you and I 复数时 We and you you and she you and they he and I we,you and they you,she and iYou,he and I all are very busy recently.We,you and they will go and join at the park.,1,2,3,2,3,1,1.John has lost_key._asks_for help.A.her,he,I B.his,he,meC.his,she,I D.her,she,me2.So many people now are waiting for_A.We B.us C.our D.ours3.I want to borrow the cutter from_(he).4._ are all enjoy the new year holiday.A.I,you and he B.you,I and he C.He,you and I D.You,he and I5.You can teach_(they)maths.,Exercise练习,物主代词的运用,两种物主代词的区别：1).形容词性物主代词后面一定要接名词，不能单独使用。2).名词性物主代词常用来避免与前面提及的名词重复，后面不能接名词。That bike is mine(my x)=That bike is my(mine x)bike.名词性物主代词=形容词性物主代词+名词,注意：名词性物主代词在句中所指代的关系是单数还是复数。These books arent ours.Ours are new.(our books=ours)This is not our room.Ours is over there.(our room=ours),物主代词的运用,“of+名词性物主代词”表示双重所有格。A sister of his is a nurse.他的一个妹妹是个护士。Tom is a friend of mine我的一个朋友This tool of his is useful.他的这个工具很有用。He is a teacher of my sisters他是我妹妹的一个老师,1.Frank cant find _ dictionary.Can you lend _ to _?A.her,mine,her B./,yours,he C.his,yours,him2.I gave her _address and she gave me _.my,her B.my,hers C.mine,her D.mine,hers3._school is much bigger than_.A.Their,our B.Your,their C.Their,ours D.ours,yours,Exercise练习,记忆词汇,excuse kskjuz原谅 me mi 我（宾格）yes 是的，is your j:你的，你们的 you 你，你们Yours handbag hn(d)bg手提包pardon pdn原谅，请再说一遍Nothing n无，没什么He him他 She her 她We us 我们They them 他们their 他们的,课前回顾,1.元音字母有哪些？2.e a:u:u:ei ai au u p b t d k g f v s z r h t d tr dr ts dz l w j m n 3.音标拼读并说出是几个音节组成：faundr kwpmnt,mnjufktr,Foundry 铸造厂Equipment 设备Manufacturer 生产/制造厂商,课前回顾,4.当别人说话中要插话应怎么说。5.这是你的？6.一般疑问句的回答。Do you like icecream？7.你，我，他，你们，我们，他们的主格，宾格分别是什么？8.第一，二，三人称的形容词性的物主代词，名词性物主代词分别是什么？,Excuse me，please！,Is this your？,Yes/No+主语+助动词/连系动词 Yes,I do/no,I dont,反身代词的运用,定义：反身代词又称自身代词第一,二人称的反身代词由形容词性物主代词+self/selves 构成第三人称的反身代词由宾格代词+self/selves构成,反身代词的运用,（一）作动词的宾语反身代词可以与enjoy,hurt,teach,look after等词连用，表明动作的承受者就是主语本身。1.enjoy oneself=have a good time Did you enjoy yourself at the party last night?You will hurt yourself if you dont take care.teach oneself=learn by oneself自学 Did you teach yourself English?=Did you learn English by yourself?look after oneself 照顾自己 I can look after myself well,thanks.2.help oneself(to sth.)随便吃点什么，后面可接食物，一般用在宴会当中，用来招呼客人的用语。Help yourselves to some fruit,children.,反身代词的运用,（二）反身代词和介词连用构成介词宾语1.by oneself=alone自己做 She has done her homework by herself.2.for oneself为自己 She made the skirt for herself.3.of oneself自然而然的、自动的 The door opened of itself.4.among themselves在他们中间 They are discussing the matter among themselves.（三）用作主语或宾语的同位语，往往用来加强名词或代词的语气，在句中可置于名词、代词之前、之后或句子末尾。1.作主语的同位语 He himself told me the news.2.作宾语的同位语 Youd better ask Mary herself about it.,反身代词构成的短语enjoy oneself 玩得开心=have a good time dress oneself 自己穿衣服 teach oneself sth.自学 help oneself to 请自便吃点 by oneself 独自地=on ones own=alone for oneself 替自己 smile to oneself 偷笑,窃笑 say to oneself 自言自语 think to oneself 心里想look after oneself 照顾自己hurt oneself 伤到自己come to oneself 苏醒make oneself+过去分词，使自己被别人(she did her best to make herself understood.,The man is rich,he can buy _ a lot of things.A.he B.his C.himself2.-What a lovely card!Where did you buy it?-I made it by _.A.me B.myself C.itself3.“Help _ to some chicken,”my mother said to the guests.A.yourself B.yourselves C.your,Exercise练习,Mr.Blake:Good morning!Student:Good morning,Mr.Blake.B:This is Miss Sophie Dupont.Sophie is a new colleague.She is French.B:Sophie,This is Hans.He is German.H:Nice to meet you.B:And this is Naoko,Shes Japanese.N:Nice to meet you.B:And this is Lumin.He is Chinese.L:Nice to meet you.B:This is Xiaohui.Shes Chinese,too.X:Nice to meet you.B:This is Merce,Shes Spanish.B:Wawo,we come from five different countries.is there anybody from Korea?C:Im sorry Im late.I am Changhao-woo,I am a Korean,the sixth nationality.,Nice to meet you!,New word and expressionsMr.先生，Miss ms 小姐 good gd 好的，morning m:n 早上new nju:新的，colleague kli:g 同事French frent 法国人，German d:mn 德国人Japanese dpni:z 日本人，Koreankrin韩国人的，韩国的Spanish spn 西班牙人，anybody 任何人，某人nice nas 美好的，meet mi:t 遇见sixth sks第六的different dfrnt不同的nationality,nnlti国籍，国家；民族Lateleit 晚的，迟到的,1.Good morning!早上好（Good afternoon!下午好 Good night 晚安）2.Sophie Dupont（Sophie 名，Dupont姓）Mr.先生，Miss 小姐（未婚）Mrs.太太4.Shes French.她是法国人 shes 是she is 的缩写。介绍国籍的表达方式还有：she is from/she comes from,Language points,5.This is 介绍别人介绍某人时常用的。6.Sophie is a new colleague.Siemens is a German company.Mr.Li is a General manager.26103364 is a sample order.there is an apple on the desk.7.different(be different from 与不同)It is clearly different from that housing in surface machining.Thats why the exchange rate is different from the past.8.Late(It is too late to do sth 做什么太迟)It is too late to turn back now.,Language points,Language points,9.The sixth 第六个Sixth 是一个序数词。基数词：表述的是数量数量词 序数词：表述的是顺序,基数词十以内 10-20以内 几十 one eleven two twelve twenty three thirteen thirty four fourteen forty five fifteen fifty six sixteen sixty seven seventeen seventy eight eighteen eighty nine nineteen ninety ten,表示次序的数词叫序数词，它是由基数词变化而来的。,序数词一般是由基数词后加-th变化而来。one(一)-first(第一)two(二)-second(第二)three(三)-third(第三)four（四）-fourth(4th)第四 five(五)-fifth(第五)six（六）-sixth(6th)第六 seven（七）-seventh(7th)第七 eight(八)-eighth(第八)nine(九)-ninth(第九)ten（十）-tenth(10th)第十 eleven（十一）-eleventh(11th)第十一 twelve(十二)-twelfth(第十二)thirteen（十三）-thirteenth(13th)第十三 fourteen（十四）-fourteenth(14th)第十四 fifteen（十五）-fifteenth(15th)第十五 sixteen（十六）-sixteenth(16th)第十六 seventeen（十七）-seventeenth(17th)第十七 eighteen（十八）-eighteenth(18th)第十八 nineteen（十九）-nineteenth(19th)第十九,序数词的运用,序数词一定要与定冠词the 一起用。1.The fifth girl of that row is my daughter.2.Labors day is on the first of May.3.Teachers day is on the tenth of September.Exercise.There are_18_girls in the room,and_12_of them are from China,_2_one in this line is a Germany.,eighteen,twelve,the second,This 是一个指示代词指示代词指的是代替某些确定事物的代词，后若接名词就变成指示形容词。this that these those such same,Grammar,Ex.1.Take that picture off the wall and put this in its place.2.we are busy these days.,3.i had a cold.Thats why i didnt come,指示代词的用法,指示代词(this,that,these,those)在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、定语：This is yours and that is mine.I like these and he likes those.These computers are cheap.What I want to say is this.【说明】指示代词用作主语和定语时，可指人或物；用作宾语和表语时，只指物。如This is my father.this 在句中作作主语，可以指人但是在Do you know this?中，this作宾语，此句只能理解为“你知道这个情况吗？”不能理解为“你认识这个人吗？”,指示代词的用法,this 与 that用法比较1.用来指上文提到的事情时，可用this 或 that，但是若要指下文叙述的事情，通常要用 this：She married Jim,and this that surprised me.I want to know this:Is he healthy?我想知道这一点：他是否很健康。2.在打电话时，通常用 this 指自己，用 that 指对方：Hello.This is Jim.Is that John?喂,我是吉姆,你是约翰吗?,指示代词的用法,such,same,so用法比较1.做主语指上面所说的情况 Such is life.At the same time,the remainders of the order are in production.Tom ordered the special meal and i want the same.so+主语+助动词（肯定回应前面的内容）so+助动词+主语（附和前面内容，表示“也是”）This company has been achieved its target.So it has(=yes,it has)So have we(=we have too),1.The popuation of Shanghai is larger than _ of Jinan.A.that B.this C.it2.The radios made in Beijing are as good as _ made in Qingdao.A.that B.these C.those3.What I want to tell you is _the film will be at eight.A.it B.this C.that4.order is from Siemens,_orders are from GEA.A.This,that B.These,those C.This,those 5.We are one of the supplier of Deere.没错，你们是的 他们也是的。,Exercise练习,A,C,C,C,So you are,So are they.,记忆词汇,good gd 好的，morning m:n 早上，new nju:新的，colleague kli:g 同事，French frent 法国人，German d:mn 德国人，Japanese dpni:z 日本人，日本的Spanish spn 西班牙人，nice nas 美好的，meet mi:t 遇见 general denrl 总的，普遍的 manager mnd 经理人，管理company kmpni 公司 sample s:mpl 样品 order:d(r)订单，命令different dfrnt不同的nationality,nnlti国籍，国家；民族Lateleit 晚的，迟到的,课前回顾,1.单词拼写或翻译好的，早上好，新的，样品，订单，公司，晚的，经理，美好的，遇见设备，不同的，12/15/序数词2/序数词5/序数词14/序数词12第一人称复数的反身代词/第三人称单复数的反身代词/第二人称单复数的反身代词2.说出单词的中文解释colleague/French/Spanish/German/Japanesegeneral/Foundry/Manufacturer/nationality 3.短语及习惯用语默写在某方面与不同/太迟了而不能自学英语/使自己被他人（喜欢）第二个星期/来自/玩得开心/怀特先生/夫人,不定代词的用法,Is there anybody from Korea?不定代词：不指明代替任何特定名词（或形容词）的代词 也就是说不定代词代替的是不确定事物。复合不定代词：不定代词some,any,every,no与one,body,thing的组合 还有all，one,none,each,every,other,another,both,either,neither,复合不定代词的用法 1）复合不定代词均为单数，其谓语动词用单数 There is someone in his office.Noonelikesapersonwithbadmanners.Nothingisdifficultintheworldifyouputyourheartintoit.2）形容词修饰复合不定代词放后面 Im sure somebody important has arrived.There is something wrong with him.Is there anything interesting in todays newspaper?,特殊归纳：1.all,each,every all 强调整体，表示某物时，动词是单数，表示人时用复数。All goes well.（物）All are here.(人）each 强调个体。可作主语、定语，宾语或状语。可以表示两个或三个以上的人或事物。(常与of连用)Each of them/the two brothers agrees with you.Each student has his own dictionary.Our headteacher had a talk with each of us.The children can have a bag each.3)every表示三个或三个以上的人或事物。强调的是全体或者全部。与all的意思相近 every只有形容词性，只作定语，不可单独使用。I know each member of your family.我认识你们家的每个成员。I know every member of your family.我认识你们家的每个成员。,特殊归纳：every可以与not连用构成部分否定，意思是“并不/非人人”，而each则不可以与not连用。全部否定是no one，意思是“个个都不”、“没有人”等。例如：Every one of them doesnt like the TV play.并非人人都喜欢电视剧 部分否定 No one likes the TV play.完全否定。表示“每隔”、“每”，要用“every基数词复数名词”。这种结构中的every不能用each替代。例如：Theyll choose one out of every ten girls.We hand in our homework every three days.,特殊归纳：2.some 常用于肯定句中，any用于否定句中或条件句中。There is some water in the cup.If there is any rice,please tell me.说话人希望得到肯定的回答以及表示请求的疑问时用some，any用于 肯定句中表示“任何”。Would you like some coffee with sugar.May i ask some questions?could i have some apples?Any problem,please feel free to contact me.,特殊归纳：3.(the)other,(the)others,another other a.别的，其它的+复数名词 the other（特定范围内）别的，其它的+复数名词 others pron.别人，其余全部的人或物=other+复数名词 the others（特定范围内）其余全部的人或物 another a./pron.另一个，再一个（泛指多数中还没提到的）注：1）(the)other后接名词，(the)others后不接名词 2）the other还可表示两者中另一个:onethe other 3）else也有“别的”，“其它的”之意 other修饰名词，放前面；else修饰不定代词等，放后面 something else 4）相关短语：each other=one another 互相 one after another一个接一个地，连续地,Exercise,He often helps _.There are fifty students in our class.Twenty of them are girls,_ are boys.I dont want this coat.Please show me _.Do you have any _ questions?He has two sons.One is a worker,_is a doctor.Tom likes swimming,and_ in his class like swimming,too.You can hand in your homework one after_,(the other boys),(others),(the others),(another),(other),(the other),another,特殊归纳：4.both/either/neither,both“（两者）都”,作主语时看作复数；作定语时后跟名词复数 My parents are both teachers.=Both of my parents are teachers.neither“(两者)都不”,含有否定意义，作主语时谓语用第三人称单数;作定语时后跟名词单数 Neither answer is right.either“两者中任何一个”,作主语时谓语用第三人称单数;作定语时后跟名词单数 There are trees on either side of the street.=There are trees on both sides of the street.,Exercise,_ of the girls _ him.They asked him for name card.A.Neither;know B.Either;know C.Neither;knows Both of his parents _ teachers.A.is B.are C.was Both of his brothers _ in this hospital,but neither of them _ a doctor.A.works;is B.work;is C.work;are The students are all from Foshan.They _ like their city.A.both B.all C.either Lucy and Lily _ agree with us.A.all B.both C.neither How are your parents?They are _ fine.A.both B.all C.no,C,B,B,B,B,A,特殊归纳:5.all/none all“(全部)都”,表示三者或三者以上，作同位语时,一般放在连系动词、助动词之后,行为动词之前 We are all from Canada.They all like English.none“没有”,表示三者或三者以上都不,后常跟介词of（谓语动词单、复数均可）none能独立使用,在句子中可作主语、宾语和表语,意思是“没有一个人(或事物)”,表示复数或单数。如：None of them is/are in the classroom.(他们当中没有一个在教室里)None of us is/are afraid of dogs.I have many books,but none is interesting,特殊归纳：6.a few,a little,few,little,Although all the girls have tried their best,only _ pass the exam.A.few B.a few C.a little2.Dont worry.There is _ time left.A.little B.a little C.few3.You are so great!_ people in the school can do it.A.A little B.Little C.Few,B,B,C,名词修饰语一览表,Im a new member of Market department.My names Robert.Nice to meet you!My name is Sophie.Nice to meet you too!Are you French?Yes,I am.Are you French too?No,I am not.What nationality are you?Im Italian.Are you an Engineer?No,Im not.Whats your job?Im a production planner.And whats your job?Im a purchaser.,Whats your job?,New word and expressionsNameneim名字 job db 工作 engineer.endn工程师purchaserpts采购员 productionprdkn产品，生产，成果Plannerpln计划员。operatorpret操作员，Inspectornspekt 检验员 QA inspector/engineer.accountantkantnt会计assistantsst()nt助理，助手cashierk出纳 sellersel销售员，salesman deputydepjt副的；代理的 Deputy General Manager副总经理security skjrt安全 security Officer 安全人员technicalengineer technical teknkl工艺的，技术的auditordt审计员，审核员 maintenancemeintnns 维护，维修maintenance engineer 维修工程师,Grammar冠词,冠词,不使用冠词,定冠词,不定冠词,the,零冠词,aan,不定冠词的用法,a用在以辅音音素开头的单词前 an用在以元音音素开头的单词前,1.2.3.4.,e.g._book _ egg _ useful book _ underground room,a,an,a,an,基本用法：指人或事物的某一种类,e.g.She is a girl.她是女孩 This is a desk.这是一张书桌,泛指某人或者某物，但又不具体说明何人何物,e.g.I can see a kite.我能看见一只风筝 A boy is in Grade 1.一个男孩在一年级,表示“数量”，“有一”“每一”的意思,e.g.We have six classes a day.我们一天上六节课,5.表示“同一”,相当于the sameof a kind 同一种;of an age 同岁；of a size 大小相同e.g The two boys are of _ age.,an,6.用于某些物质名词或抽象名词前,表示“一种、一类、一份、一场、一阵”.e.g That is _a_ green tea.They were caught in _a_ heavy rain.a pleasure/a success/a failure,7.否定比较级表达最高级意义时,常用借助于不定冠词a/an.a/an+比较级e.g.-What do you think of the film?-Oh,Ive never seen a worse one.,_ How do you like Tom?_ Im afraid that no one in my class has a cleverer brain than he.在固定词组中：A few一些 a little一点 a lot of许多 a bit一点 a couple of,几个，少数，一对 all of a sudden,突然的As a matter of fact事实上,in a hurry 立即，匆忙 in a word总之，have a good time玩得嗨,a great deal of大量,do sb.a favor帮某人一个忙have a cold(fever,headache)感冒/发