定语从句,名词性从句,同位语从句,及其区别.ppt

同位语从句,定语从句,名词性从句,名词性从句,名词性从句,名词性从句是在句子中起名词作用的句子。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组，它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词性从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句,引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类：,连词（5个）：that（本身无意义。引导单一的宾语从句时that常可省略，但引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句时that通常不被省略）whether,if（均表示“是否”表明从句内容的不确定性）as if,as though（1均表示“好像”，“似乎”）以上在从句中均不充当任何成分,连接代词（10个）：what/whatever,who/whoever,whom/whomever,whose/whosever,which/whichever 连接副词（7个）：when/whenever,where/wherever,how/however,why,不可省略的连词：,1.介词后的连词。2.引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。That she was chosen made us very happy.We heard the news that our team had won.3.在从句中做成分的连词.,定语从句,定语从句定义：,用来说明主句中某一名词或代词（有时也可说明整个主句或主句中一部分）而起定语作用的句子叫作定语从句.,：关系代词用来指代先行词是人或物的名词或代词,主语 Who which that主语 Whom which that宾语 Whose(=of whom)whose(=of which),e.g.1：This is the detective who came from London.2：The book which I am reading is written by Tomas Hardy.3：The desk whose leg is broken is very old.4：This is the room that Shakespeare was born in.,一 关系代词的用法,(1)如果先行词是all,much,anything,something,nothing,everything,little,none等不定代词,关系代词一般只用that,不用which.例如：All the people that are present burst into tears.(2)如果先等词被形容词最高级以及first,last,any,only,few,mush,no,some,very等词修饰,关系代词常用that,不用which,who,或whom.例如：(3)非限制性定语从句中,不能用关系代词that,作宾语用的关系代词也不能省略.例如：There are about seven million people taking part in the election,most of whom、are well educated.(4)which还有一种特殊用法,它可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句,代替主句所表示的整体概念或部分概念.在这种从句中,which可以作主语,也可以作宾语或表语,多数情况下意思是与and this 相似,并可以指人.例如：He succeeded in the competition,which made his parents very happy.(5)that可指人或物,在从句中作表语,（指人作主语时多用who）仅用于限制性定语从句中.(6)which可作表语,既可指人,以可指物.指人时,一般指从事某种职业或是有种特征品性或才能的人.Which引导的定语从句可以限制性的,也可以是非限制性的.(7)如果作先作词的集体名词着眼于集体的整体,关系代词用which;若是指集体中的各个成员,则用who.(8)先行词有两个,一个指人,一个指物,关系代词应该用that.例如：The boy and the dog that are in the picture are very lovely.(9)如果先行词是anyone,anybody,everyone,everybody,someone,somebody,关系代词应该用 who 或whom,不用 which.例如：Is there anyone here who will go with you?,二 关系副词引导的定语从句,1关系副词也可以引导定语从句关系副词在从句中分别表示时间地点或原因.关系副词when在从句中充当时间状语,where 充当地点状语,why充当原因状语.2.that可引导定语从句表示时间地点或原因That有时可以代替关系副词 when,where 或者why引导定语从句表示时间地点或原因,在 that引导的这种定语从句中,that也可以省去.,三“介词关系代词“是一个普遍使用的结构,(1)“介词关系代词“可以引导限制性定语从句,也可以引导非限制性定语从句.“介词关系代词“结构中的介词可以是 in,on,about,from,for,with,to at,of,without 等,关系代词只可用whom或 which,不可用 that.(2)from where为“介词关系副词“结构,但也可以引导定语从句.例如：We stood at the top of the hill,from where we can see the town.(3)像listen to,look at,depend on,pay attention to,take care of等固定短语动词,在定语从句中一般不宜将介词与动词分开.例如：This is the boy whom she has taken care of.,四 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句,1二者差异比较限制定语从句紧跟先行词,同先行词这间一般不加逗号,仅修饰先行词,可以由关系代词关系副词或that来引导.非限制性定语从句仅作补充或说明,用逗号与主句隔开,既可修饰先行词,又可修饰整个主句,不可用that引导.2.先行词与定语从句隔离定语从句一般紧跟在先行词之后,但定语从句与先行词之间有时也会插入别的成分,构成先行词与定语从句的隔离.例如：1)This is the article written by him that Is poke to you about.2)He was the only person in this country who was invited,五As在定语从句中的用法,1.引导限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句（1）as多与such 或the same连用,可以代替先行词是人或物的名词.（2）as 也可单独使用,引导非限制性定语从句,作用相当于which.例如：The elephants nose is like a snake,as anybody can see.(3）the same that与 the same as在意思上是不同的.2As引导的非限制性定语从句的位置 as引导的非限制性定语从句位置较灵活,可以位于主句前面中间或后面,一般用逗号与主句隔开,但which 所引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后.例如：(1)As is expected,the England team won the football match.(2)The earth runs around the sun,as is known by everyone.,同位语从句,同位语从句定义：,在主从复合句中用作同位语的从句称为同位语从句。同位语从句是名词性从句的一种。它在句中起同位语的作用。,同位语从句的连接词：,常用的引导词有that,whether,why,where,how,when等。if一般不引导同位语从句。在同位语从句中that,whherher不做成分，whether表示“是否”，其它连接词既有实际意义，又在从句中做一定的成分。引导同位语从句的连接词一般都不能省略。,同位语从句的常用先行词：,同位语所修饰的名词称为先行词，不是所有的名词都可以跟同位语从句，常可跟同位语从句的名词有：belief doubt explanationhope idea newsopinion possibility statementthought wish truthfact question promiseproblem reply reportsuggestion advice order,e.g.We heard the news that our team had won.The idea that he give surprises many people.She made the suggestion that we go by train.This is the house where we lived fifteen years ago.,同位语从句与定语从句的区别,1.同位语从句中从句是被修饰词的具体内容,是它的补充说明,定语从句中从句是起限定作用,不是被修饰词的具体内容.2.把被修饰的词和从句用be动词连成一句话,句子成立的就是同位语从句,不完整的是定语从句.,e.g.1.The news that he will come back is true.2.The news that he told me is true.两句中的被修饰的词都是news,但是第一句中的从句that he will come back是news的具体内容（补充说明：消息是他将会回来）；而第二句that he told me就不是news的具体内容了,而是限定他告诉我的消息.第一句就是 the news is that he will come back（消息是他将会回来）句子完整.第二句是 the news is that he told me（消息是他告诉我,告诉什么却没有说）句子不完整.所以第一句是同位语从句,第二句是定语从句了.,End,