翻译课-正反译法.ppt

第十二章表达转换译法Affirmative&Negative Expressions in Translation,退出,表达转换译法亦称“正说反译法”、“正反译法”、“反正、正反表达法”，即以“正”译“反”或以“反”译“正”来表达原语的内容。由于民族、文化、思维方式、语言表达等众多方面的差异，一种语言用正面讲的话，另一种语言无法直白原语的内容，为求语用、修辞相当、或出于语言习惯要用相反的方式表达出来，用否定的说法来表达原语肯定的形式，或以肯定的说法来表达原语否定的形式。,第十二章表达转换译法Affirmative&Negative Expressions in Translation,例如“Wet paint”译作“油漆未干”，不可能译成“湿的油漆”；“Leave my papers alone.”译作“别动我的文稿”而不是“把我的论文单独放”；“For business only.”不是“只为工作”而是“闲人免进”；“I hear everything.”若译作“我听见每件事”似乎是老外在讲汉语，而地道的汉语应反译为“什么都瞒不过我”。,英语中这类否定大多是用否定词来表示。否定词覆盖面很广，包括名词、代词、动词、形容词、副词、介词、连词等。其否定形式复杂多样，除了使用否定词外，还大量使用否定词缀，如“dis-,il-,in-,im-,ir-,non-,un-,anti-,-less,under-”等；形式肯定意义否定的动词如“avoid,ban,call off,cancel,deny,deprive,exclude,escape,evade,forbid,fail,hate,ignore,lack,lose,miss,neglect,prohibit,quit,refuse,rid,stop”等；,介词和副词如“beyond，above，but,except,past”等；形容词如“absent,bad,bare,empty,last,poor,vacant”等；相关的名词如“absence,vacancy,deprivation,exclusion”等；短语如“free from，far from，out of，instead of,in place of，past repair，off color，beyond debate，beyond control，out of sight，out of breath”等以及其他结构如“moreman,other than,rather than”等，都可以用于表达否定意义。,汉语的否定词比英语少得多，在表达否定意义时，汉语没有严格意义上的形态变化，表达形式比较简单，易于辨认，几乎所有表达否定意义的词语中都含有明显的标志性否定词，以副词居多，个别形容词或少数动词，如“不、没、没有、未、无、非、否、别、莫、勿、毋、休、失、免、缺、禁、忌、戒、防”等。,由于英汉两种语言的差异和思维方式的不同，有时英语用否定形式表达的意义，汉语只能用肯定的形式来表达，否则会使人感到别扭，不地道；英语用肯定形式表达的意义，汉语只能用否定的形式来表达，听起来才顺耳，自然得体。改变表达方式主要从三反面考虑：语言习惯，语言形式，词汇意义。,英语中有一些否定句，如果译为汉语的否定形式，译文就不符合汉语语言习惯，有时逻辑上也不通。所以汉译时，可根据词句的涵义、逻辑关系，按汉语表达习惯，把否定译肯定，才符合汉语思维和行文习惯。特别是有些带有否定词如not,no,never,nothing等的句子，常含有肯定的意义。,1 按表达习惯译(Translation Based on Habitual Expressions),1.1 反话正说，否定译肯定,例1：An opportunity is not likely to repeat itself.【译文】机会难得。例2：Such things are of no rare occurrence.【译文】这些事情经常发生。,例3：“Here in Poland,you people dont know how to eat properly.Noodles and chicken soup and chicken soup and noodles.What are noodles anyway?Nothing but water.You only bloat the belly.”【译文】在波兰这里，人们真不懂得怎么吃。老是鸡汤面条、面条鸡汤。面条算什么饭一碗水，只胀大了肚皮。,例4：No man can have too much knowledge and practice.【译文】知识和实践越多越好。例5：Thats not a man that lives who does not know his god-like hours.(William Wordsworth)【译文】凡是活在世上的人都曾有过神仙般的几段绝好时光。（双重否定表示强烈肯定）,例1：The significance of these incidents wasnt lost on us.【译文】这些事引起了我们的重视。例2：He has no small chance of success.【译文】他大有成功的可能。例3：Nothing is useless to man.【译文】样样东西都有用。（双重否定用来表示强烈肯定）,补充例句,英语中有一些句子，句式是肯定句，意义却是否定的。因为没有表示否定意义的助动词，故而称之为肯定表达形式。汉语中没有与其相对应的表达形式，翻译时，可根据词句的涵义，按汉语表达习惯，肯定译否定，通顺自然，语言地道。例1：The window refuses to open.【译文】窗户打不开。例2It is a wise father that knows his own child.【译文】聪明的父亲也未必了解自己的儿子。,1.2 正话反说，肯定译否定,例3：Keep off the grass.【译文】请勿踏草坪。例4：She refrained from laughing.【译文】她忍住没有笑。例5：The thick carpet killed the sound of my footsteps.【译文】我走在厚厚的地毯上一点儿声音也没有。,补充例句,例1The pursuit of science withdraws interest from external things.【译文】科学家由于致力于科学研究，对外界事物总是不感兴趣。例2：In the grave the rich and the poor lie equal.【译文】人死后即无贫富之差别。例3：We live meagerly,but at the same time,we blessed in many ways.【译文】我们生活并不富裕，但同时在很多方面又是很幸运的。,补充例句,例4：My guess is as good as yours.【译文】我的猜测并不比你的高明。例5：Before he could stop,I had rushed out of the classroom.【译文】在他还没来得及阻拦我之前，我已经跑出教室。,英语中有一些否定表达形式，汉语也可用否定表达形式，但要注意逻辑关系、上下关系、否定范围，是特指否定还是泛指否定，是单词、短语否定还是句子否定，是隐形否定还是显形否定，只要搞清这些关系，才能把否定译否定而不改变原文之意。,1.3 反话反说，否定译否定,例1：That sort of thing was so much in the air that I didnt question it.【译文】到处都是这样，我也就不觉得有什么不对。（特指否定）例2：His refusal is not final.【译文】他的拒绝并不是不可改变的。（重复否定）,例3：Tell me not,in mournful numbers,“Life is not but an empty dream.”For the soul is dead that slummers,And things are not what they seem.(Longfellow)【译文】请莫用悲调愁言，对我诉说人生虚若幻梦。那恰如死去的沉睡灵魂，才不知造物的仪态千般，风情万种。,补充例句,例1：We never thought of nothing wrong.(=We never thought of anything wrong.)【译文】我们从来没想到有什么错误。（重复否定）例2：Waste not,want not.(=If you dont waste,you will not want.)【译文】不浪费，不缺乏。（一般否定）例3You have been ignoring me.【译文】你一直不把我放在眼里。例4Most of the time I am in ignorance of his whereabouts.【译文】我常常不知道他的去向。,从以上例子可以看出正反译法是一个很有用的翻译技巧，虽然说法变了，意思还是原来的。之所以要改变，主要是由于词语之间的关系、句式的变化、习惯表达等方面的因素。如不改变，照字面译，译文就会显得单调、别扭、不自然，有时还不好懂、不明白。正反译法涉及到词、短语、甚至整个句子的处理问题，用得恰到好处，常会“绝处逢生”，有助于获得自然理想的、符合逻辑习惯的汉语译文，“正话反说，反话正说”是提高译文水平的有效方法之一。,2 按内涵意义译(Translation Based on Essential Expressions),2.1肯定译否定，更能传神达意,例1：In the high altitude snow and ice remain all the year.【译文】海拔高的地方，冰雪常年不化。例2：The explanation is pretty thin.【译文】这个解释很不详细。,例3：I have looked for him everywhere except in the dormitory.【译文】我到处找他，就是宿舍没有去。例4：Slips are scarcely avoidable when youre new to your work.【译文】工作没有经验，出点差错，在所难免。例5：The sun sends out more solar energy than man can use.【译文】太阳放出的太阳能，人类用不完。,例1：His work often falls short of the mark.【译文】他的作品常常达不到标准。例2：There have always been more books than anyone could read.【译文】任何人都不能读尽天下之书。例3：It was beyond his power to sign such a contract.【译文】他无权签订这个合同。,补充例句,补充例句,例4：Yet the process of achieving gender equality is still an ongoing one.【译文】然而争取男女平等的过程仍然是一项未竟之业。例5：Indeed,this nations best-loved author was every bit as adventurous,patriotic,romantic,and humorous as anyone has ever imagined.【译文】的确，这位在美国最受欢迎的作家的探索精神、爱国热情、浪漫风格以及幽默感丝毫不亚于人们能够想象的程度。,2.2否定译肯定，更能表达原文涵义,例1：Dont lose time in posting the letter.【译文】赶快把信发出去。例2：There is nothing unexpected about it.【译文】一切在意料之中。例3：I could not feel better.【译文】我感觉很好。,例4：Nothing can live without water.【译文】万物皆靠水生存。例5：A book may be compared to your neighbour;if it is good,it can not last too long;if bad,you cannot get rid of it too early.【译文】一本书可比作邻居；如果好，结识愈久愈好；如果不好，分手愈早愈好。,例1：It leaves nothing to be desired.【译文】这已完美无缺。例2：This fresh air will do you no harm after you being in the house all day.【译文】在屋里呆了一整天之后，吸吸新鲜空气对你大有好处。例3：He never spared himself and so he made me work hard.【译文】他严格要求自己，也叫我努工作。,补充例句,例4：Youve automatically arranged for a reward if you comply with your commitment and a punishment if you dont.【译文】一旦实现承诺，你自然会得到奖励；如果食言，面临的就是惩罚。例5：In some countries no major business is conducted without eye contact,requiring face-to-face conversation.【译文】在有些国家，大生意必须要通过目光接触，面对面交谈才能进行。,补充例句,课堂互动4：翻译句子,注意正反内涵意义,1She is past hope of recovery.2The evidence is clear enough,excluding all possibilities.3He aims at inhuman perfection in everything he does.4Styles come and go,but good taste is timeless.5The doubt was still unsolved after his repeated explanation.,A.翻译下列句子,句子中并无 no,not,never 等词汇，但动词含有否定语气，可译为否定句。这类动词如“fail,miss,lack,hold,ignore,refuse,withhold,refrain(from),neglect,deny,overlook,exclude”等在句子中出现,就可运用反意译法,这样会使意义更明确。,3 按词汇意义译(Translation Based on Lexical Meanings),3.1含有否定意义的动词译为否定句,例1：A few pages of this dictionary are wanting.【译文】这本字典少了几页。例2：To our disappointment,he failed to take the overall situation into account.【译文】使我们失望的是他不顾全大局。,例3：If the weather holds a couple of days，the plane will take off.【译文】要是天气三两天内保持不变，飞机就起飞。例4：His body is fine other than the paralysis,but he has told me that if it ever gives out he would be interested in having his head put on another body.【译文】除了四肢瘫痪以外，他的身体还算不错的，他已对我说过，身体一旦不行了，他愿意将自己的脑袋安在别人身上。,例1：She has missed out the sweet course.【译文】那道甜食她已不吃了。例2：Mr.White has refrained from making any official comment on the coup in that country.【译文】怀特先生并没有对该国的政府发表正式评论。例3：The board has decided to withhold part of their grant money from certain students.【译文】委员会决定不发给某些学生的部分助学金。例4：They excluded children(from)getting in.【译文】他们不许小孩入内。,补充例句,补充例句,例5：The system of water supply in the city leaves much to be desired.【译文】这座城市的自来水供应系统极不完善。例6：it is“one of the most barbarous customs in the world,considering us as a civilized and a Christian country,that we deny the advantages of learning to women.”【译文】“不给妇女以学习的机会是世界上最野蛮的风俗之一，而我们还把自己看成是一个文明的基督教国家呢。”,句子中含有否定语气的名词，可译为否定句。这类名词如“absence,exclusion，lack,failure,ignorance,neglect,refusal,reluctance,variance”等在句子中出现,就可运用反意译法,这样使表达更为符合情理。,3.2含有否定意义的名词译为否定句,例1：His absence of mind during the driving nearly caused an accident.【译文】他开车时心不在焉，差点出事。例2：The two brothers have been at variance for many years.【译文】这兄弟俩不和睦已有好多年了。,例3：Never concentrate all your attention on one or two problems to the exclusion of others.【译文】别把注意力集中在一两个问题上，而不顾其它问题。例4：Failure to fix the signs and symbols peculiar to mathematics in mind and to learn the definitions and technical terms keeps you from mastering the mathematical subjects.【译文】记不住数学所有的记号和符号，弄不清定义和术语，你就学不好数学。,例1：Your absence of mind resulted in this accident.【译文】你注意力不集中才导致了这次事故。例2：His failure to work well worried us.【译文】他未做好工作使我们感到焦虑。例3：She made a great show of reluctance,but finally accepted our offer.【译文】他对我们的建议做出极不满意的样子，但最后还是接受了。例4：Chance and accidents are only the aliases of ignorance.【译文】碰巧和意外都只是不了解事实真相的别名。,补充例句,补充例句,例5：It was his answer to suggestion of reluctance to fight.(W.Stevenson:A Man Called Intrepid)【译文】这就是他对不赞成打的意见的回答。例6：The almost total absence of any U.S.sway with the parties directly involved in such a dangerous situation is sobering to say the least.【译文】事态如此严重而美国对直接参与的国家却丝毫起不了影响，这个情况至少也应该使人们头脑清醒过来了。,句子中含有否定语气的代词（代词词组），可译为否定句。这类代词如“anything but”等在句子中出现,就可运用反意译法，“anything but”之后一般接名词、代词、形容词、分词等。这样使译文简洁流畅。,3.3含有否定意义的代词译为否定句,例1：He is anything but modest.【译文】他一点也不谦虚。例2：We shall design anything but old-fashioned machines.【译文】我们决不设计老式机器。例3：That little bridge is anything but safe.【译文】那座小桥不安全。,例1：It is anything but a new-type machine.【译文】这决不是一台新型机器。例2：He is anything but diligent.【译文】他一点也不用功。例3：I doubt if I have anything more for my present rule of life than following inclinations which do me and nobody else any harm,and actually give pleasure to those I love best.【译文】我现在只是悠然自得地生活着，这于我有害而对任何他人都没有害处，实际上还让那些我最爱的人感到快乐呢除此之外，我不相信自己目前还有更多的生活准则。,补充例句,句子中含有否定语气的形容词（形容词短语）可译为否定句。这类形容词如“few,little,poor,free from(of),far from,safe from,apart from,short of,inferior to”等在句子中出现,就可运用反意译法。这样使译文清楚明白。,3.4含有否定意义的形容词译为否定句,例1：True,reading is far from the only source of knowledge.【译文】的确，阅读远非知识的唯一来源。例2：This creek is free of ice in winter.【译文】这条小溪冬天不结冰。,例3：There is a poor supply of well-qualified English teachers in the school.【译文】这所学校缺少合格的英语老师。例4：There is no doubt that the novel stands distinctly apart from her other novels in tone and moral message,though not in theme.【译文】无疑这部小说，与她的其它小说相比，主题未改，但情调与道德信仰却全然不同。,例1：The show was far from being a failure;it was a great success.【译文】这次演出根本没有失败，是十分成功。例2：Water and air have little effect upon lead.【译文】水和空气对铅没有什么影响。例3：The moving body is kept free from the action of forces.【译文】该运动的物体未受外力的作用。例4：She(Jane Austen)was worried that Emma“might appear inferior in wit”to Pride and Prejudice.【译文】她（简 奥斯丁）曾担心爱玛可能会在风格上显得不如傲慢与偏见。,补充例句,句子中含有否定语气的连词，可译为否定句。这类连词如“unless,otherwise,before,until,other(rather)than,or,instead of”等在句子中出现,就可运用反意译法，这样使译文自然流畅。,3.5 含有否定意义的连词译为否定句,例1：Get everything ready before its too late.【译文】把一切准备好，免得太迟来不及。例2：Ill do it now before I forget.【译文】趁着没忘我现在就干。例3：Rather than cause trouble,he left.【译文】他不想惹麻烦，就走了。例4：Unless we grasp this point we shall never be able to acquire even elementary knowledge.【译文】不了解这一点，就不能得到起码的知识。,例1：That increased instead of decreased our courage.【译文】那不但没有减轻反倒增加了我们的勇气。例2：He said he wouldnt go unless invited.【译文】他说了，不请他，他是不会去的。例3：I borrowed some books other than novels.【译文】我借了几本书，都不是小说。例4：In fact,the willingness to experiment is one of the most striking features of China today,and it seems to be rooted in confidences rather than security.【译文】事实上，敢于实验是今日中国最引人注目的特点之一，它来源于信心而不是出于不稳定感。,补充例句,句子中含有否定语气的副词（副词短语）可译为否定句。这类副词如“little,lightly,otherwise,(have)yet to,tooto,toofor”等在句子中出现,就可运用反意译法，这样使译文习惯自然。,3.6 含有否定意义的副词译为否定句,例1：They had barely enough time to catch the train.【译文】他们差点儿没赶上火车。例2：He was 60,but he carried his years lightly.【译文】他60岁了，可并不显老。,例3：He evidently thinks otherwise.【译文】他显得有不同的想法。例4：Japan has begun offering HDTV(high-definition television)on a limited basis,and some European countries will start within two years.The United States,yet to choose an official HDTV system,may lag slightly.【译文】日本已经开始在有限范围内提供高清晰度电视，有些欧洲国家也将在两年以内开始。美国至今尚未选定法定的高清晰度电视制，因此可能会稍微落后一点。,例1：Silver is too costly to be used for general contacts.【译文】银很贵重，不常用来做一般电器触头。例2：He is too young for the position.【译文】他太年轻，胜任不了这工作。例3：The womans body is still to be identified.【译文】女尸身份尚未查明。例4：Six months after the invasion,they have yet to establish themselves as anything approaching the masters of all they survey.【译文】入侵已有六个月了，可是他们还远远没有把他们所到达的地方全都控制起来。,补充例句,含有否定语气的介词（短语）可译为否定句。这类介词（短语）有“but,against,without,above,below,except,beyond,instead of,in place of,out of”等在句子中出现,就可运用反意译法，译为否定句，这样使译文表达符合习惯。,3.7 含有否定意义的介词（短语）译为否定句,例1：His conduct is above reproach.【译文】他的行为无可指责。例2：I am below him in working ability.【译文】我在工作能力方面不如他。,例3：Einsteins theory of Relativity is quite beyond me.【译文】我一点也不懂爱因斯坦的相对论。例4：To visit them all is quite beyond the capacity,both mental and physical,of any visitor.【译文】任何一个参观者要想把它们看个遍，在脑力和体力上都是不可能的。,例1：Ill ride a bike instead of taking a bus.【译文】我不想乘车，我打算骑自行车。例2：Our excitement was beyond words when we heard the good news.【译文】我们听到这好消息时的激动心情是无法用语言表达的。例3：He seemed to be at a loss for the precise word to complete his thought.【译文】他似乎想不出恰当的字眼来表达思想。,补充例句,例4：He is a different man from what he was ten years ago.【译文】他这个人，现在与十年前大不相同。例5：The man seemed to know his way about and he soon slipped silently out of sight through the door leading into the passage behind the Presidents box.【译文】这个人看来熟门熟路，很快就悄悄地溜进通往总统包厢后面通道的门里不见了。,补充例句,这类结构的译法是由从句的谓语动词所决定的，表示某一动作或状态由过去某一时刻结束到现在为止的一段时间。从句谓语常用一般过去时，用哪类特性的动词都可以，但从语义的角度讲，非持续性动词作从句谓语，语义与其词义相一致；持续性动词作从句谓语与其词义恰好相反。所以，对这类结构的翻译一定要小心比较，注意别译错。,3.8 含有否定意义的句子结构译为否定句,例1：It is five years since he came back.【译文】他回来已经五年了。（肯定）例2：It is already three years since he was a teacher.【译文】他不当老师已经三年了。（否定）,例3：It was three years since we had been there.【译文】我们在那儿已呆了三年。（肯定）例4：Its been years since I skated last.Now I cant skate as fast as I could.【译文】我已经有多年没有滑冰了。我现在滑得也不如以前快。（否定）,例1：It is a long time since I studied English.【译文】我很久没有学习英语了。（否定）例2：It is years since I enjoyed myself so much.【译文】好多年我没有这么尽兴了。（否定）例3：It is a long time since I smoked.【译文】我很长时间不抽烟了。（否定）,补充例句,从上面的例句可以看到，无论是英语还是汉语，同样一个意思往往可以有从正面或从反面来说的两种表达方式。英语里一个正面的意思常常采用一个反面的汉语词语来表达，或一个反面的意思常常采用一个正面的汉语词语来表达，这样反而能把意思表达得更准确贴切，生动有力。英译汉时，只要对原文理解正确，所用词语符合汉语习惯，上下结合得好，不必要完全照搬原文的肯定或否定句式，可大胆地使用正反译法。,但这并不是说只要原文是从正（肯定）面表达，译文就非要从反（否定）面去译；或原文是从反（否定）面表达，译文就非要从正（肯定）面去译。方法的选择不是强制性的，而是选择性的。有时候正译和反译都对，都讲得通，这就有个方法选用的问题，到底选用哪种方法，要根据其在译文中的表达效果、所在的语言环境意境、思维方式、表达习惯而定。比如：,例1：But with the world steel industry deep in the doldrums,who needed iron ore carriers?【译文一】世界钢铁工业不景气，谁还需要这些矿砂船呢？（反译法）【译文二】随着钢铁工业的严重萧条，谁还需要这些矿砂船呢？（正译法）例2：You never really know a man until you stand in his shoes and walk around in them.(H.Lee:To Kill a Mocking Bird)【译文一】你只有在设身处地的时候才会真正了解一个人。（反译法）【译文二】你不在设身处地的时候，就不会真正了解一个人。（正译法）,肯定与否定、正与反，是一对完全对立的概念。英语中的否定形式表示肯定意义，肯定形式表示否定意义也是一种常见的语言表达形式。正反翻译法是解决肯定与否定、否定与肯定这对矛盾的方法。从表达角度来看，以双重否定的形式表示肯定以取得强调作用；从反面来表达正面意思显得更加有力。从语言习惯上来说，以肯定形式来翻译某些否定形式或以否定形式来翻译某些肯定形式更合乎汉语的表达习惯。从修辞角度来看，以否定形式表示肯定意义则具有夸张的手法，能起到更形象的说明作用。正反翻译法正好满足了这种表达的需要。,1）Nothing but socialism can save China.【译文】只有社会主义才能救中国。2)He delayed his arrival until my return.【译文】我回来后他才到。3)There are numberless stars in the sky.【译文】天上的星星数不清。4)He was the last man to say such things.【译文】他决不会说这样的话。,综合练习及参考答案,1.用正反译法翻译下列句子（否定肯定，肯定否定）,综合练习及参考答案,1.用正反译法翻译下列句子（否定肯定，肯定否定）,5)Shall we have fish instead of meat today?【译文】今天我们不吃肉就吃鱼好吗？6)At this his heart missed a beat and he became pale.【译文】听到这话，他心里一跳，脸色也变了。7)No less than 150 pe