新版大学英语四六级段落翻译课件.ppt
四六级翻译考试内容及技巧讲解,一、翻译考试内容和题型,翻译部分测试学生把汉语所承载的信息用英语表达出来的能力,所占分值比例为15%,考试时间30分钟。翻译题型为段落汉译英。翻译内容涉及中国的历史、文化、经济、社会发展等。四级长度为140-160个汉字,六级长度为180-200个汉字。,翻译题评分标准,本题满分为15分,成绩分为六个档次:13-15分、10-12分、7-9分、4-6分、1-3分和0分。各档次的评分标准见下表:,宏观应对策略,首先,翻译之前要调整好语序,不能用汉语的思维对每个词一一对应翻译,要先把句子主干结构挑出来,定语和状语这些附加成分置于句末。其次,即使是遇到不会翻的生词也不要慌张,要学着paraphrase。不要怕你写的词太简单,只要意思表达正确就可以了。没有基本语法错误,及格分是肯定有的。,再次,虽然以前考察过的句子本身不足以作为今后六级翻译的参考,但是,历年考察过的特殊句型表达,以及虚拟语气、强调句、省略句等高频句型的表达方法,可以作为复习准备的一个良好的材料。,最后,词汇仍是做好翻译的重点。这里指的是较为特殊的翻译类词汇,主要是一些和中国节日、历史事件、经济文化、旅游活动、社会发展等相关的词汇。,二、汉语与英语的差别,汉语名词没有复数形式,动词表示过去、现在和将来不用改变形式。汉语中词组合成句子靠词序和虚词。汉语词义一般较笼统模糊,英语一般较具体准确;汉语连词成句,重意合;英语重形合。,翻译窍门,词汇:英语名词、介词、形容词使用频率高;汉语中动词使用频率较高。所以在翻译过程中要注意词性的转换。句子:英语句子结构重心在前,汉语句子的意思重心在前;英语的被动语态使用频率远远高于汉语,汉语中的被动往往不明显;汉语的定语通常放在名词之前,英语既可放在名词前也可放在名词后;在多个定语的排列顺序上,汉语较为灵活。英语则十分严格。A charming small round old brown French oak writing desk.限 描绘 规模 形状 新旧 颜色 地点 材料 性质汉语的否定形式较单一,英语的否定形式多样。状语的顺序;英语:地点-时间 或 方式-地点-时间 汉语:时间-地点 或 时间-地点-方式语篇结构:英语是直线型,汉语是螺旋型;英语段落非常注重衔接手段,而汉语衔接的重要性不是很突出。,翻译练习,1.布朗先生能吃能睡,但现在由于领导责任重大吃不下睡不好。Mr.Brown was a good eater and a good sleeper,but now he is not at all because of great responsibility for his leading position.Tips:不能硬译成can eat can sleep,英语多用名词,汉语多用动词,汉语喜欢重复具体动词,英语则倾向于省略。,2.我们认为生活在不同政治社会制度下的各国人民应该共处,不是消极共处,而是要积极友好相处,这是正确而必要的。译文1:We think it is correct and necessary for people under different policies to get on well with each other,not passively but actively and friendly.译文2:We believe that it is right and necessary that people with different political and social systems should live side by sidenot in a passive way but as active friends.Tips:英语常使用介词短语作状语。,3.我访问过一些地方,遇到过不少人,要谈起来,奇妙的事可多呢。There are many wonderful stories to tell about the places I visited and the people I met.Tips:汉语常以事件发展顺序,逻辑顺序铺开,慢慢自然而然形成结论。然而翻译成英文,需要按照英语先说结论和观点,再讲原因和依据的顺序。,三、句子结构的翻译,具体的翻译方法和技巧可以说无穷尽,只能通过大量的翻译实践去逐渐掌握。一些基本的翻译方法和技巧不可能解决汉译英的所有问题,但是至少可以在看到一词一句时,不会一筹莫展或逐词逐句地死译,写出大量汉语式的英文。段落翻译首先必须解决句子结构的问题,在翻译一个英语句子的时候,很多情况下需要将句子结构进行调整和改变。,拆句:将原文中的一个句子拆开,译成两个或两个以上的句子,称为拆句翻译法。例:有的人认为散文不可捉摸,拿起笔来先害怕。Some people regard prose-writing as something difficult to master.Once they take up the pen,they are seized with a kind of fear.,合句:将原文中两个或两个以上的句子合并为一句,称为合句翻译法。例如:1.如何解决假冒伪劣商品的盛行呢?这是广大群众迫切关注的问题。How to solve the problem of fake products was a question to which the broad masses urgently needed for a solution.2.我们必须扫除这个最大的障碍。这个障碍的扫除要靠中美两国政府的共同努力。We must clear away this biggest obstacle,the removal of which depends on the joint efforts of the Chinese and American governments.,改变句子结构:汉译英时,由于两种语言的句子结构不同,或者语言表达习惯不同,往往需要改变原文句子的结构。1.分句译为短语例:目前下岗职工重新安排工作还有一定困难,具有高新技术的劳动力同样感到不足。At present we still have difficulties in the replacement of off-post(laid-off)workers,in addition to a shortage of high-tech labor force.,2.复合句中的第一个分句的谓语部分译为短语。这种情况下,第二个分句的主语由于和第一个分句的主语相同,故第二个分句的主语常被省去不译:例:某些居心叵测的政客们只知道挖空心思为“西藏独立”制造理论依据,却没有想到使他们自己陷入了自相矛盾的境地。Some ill-intentioned politicians,racking their brains to fabricate a theoretical justification for“Tibet independence”is unaware that they have landed themselves in self-contradiction.,3.主谓结构中的谓语译为短语例:我们用自己动手的办法,达到了丰衣足食的目的。By using our own hands we have attained the goal of“ample food and clothing”.4.改变主谓结构例:矛盾不断出现,又不断解决,就是事物发展的辩证规律The ceaseless emergence and ceaseless resolution of contradictions constitute the dialectical law of development of things.,5.动宾结构的改变例:敌人的武力是不能征服我们的,这点已经得到证明了。It has been proved that the enemy cannot conquer us by force of arms.,6.主动结构和被动结构之间的转换主动变被动例:25年前尼克松访华以后,中美两国建立了外交关系。Diplomatic relations were established between China and the United States after the Nixons visit to China 25 years ago.,翻译练习,1.用科学的方法来分析问题,才能更好的解决问题。Only by using scientific approach to analyzing problems,can we solve the problems in a better way.2.这是我第一次用英文写信,不知道格式,请多指正。This is the first time for me to write a letter in English.Please give me more advice for I know nothing about the forms of letter-writing.3.目前,要完全解决失业问题,还有一定困难。At present,we still have some difficulty to solve the problem of unemployment once for all.,四、长句的处理,长句指的是字数较多,结构较复杂,含有多层意思的句子。汉语和英语都有长句,但在句子结构上差异很大。所以翻译时要讲究方法,处理长句时,要注意断句和区分主从。在段落汉译英时,应先通读全文,整体把握整篇文章的内容;再分析句子结构,弄清词与词,句与句之间的语法逻辑关系,代词所指,在分析句子时,先找出主句,再分别找出主语、谓语和宾语,以便明了句子的主干结构,1.断句:大凡长句多为复句,而汉语复句和英语复句往往结构上很不同,汉语的一个复句需要断成几个句子来译,这点和之前讲到的拆句翻译方法类似,就不赘述了。下面重点谈下如何区分主从:,2.区分主从:汉语复句中往往不用关联词,分句之间的逻辑关系在很多情况下依靠排列顺序而定,同时,汉语动词又没有英语动词那样多的词形变化,它的复句里经常接二连三出现动词,没有主从之分,但是翻译成英文时,必须从逻辑上仔细分析,弄清各分句之间的关系,区分开哪个分句是主,哪个分句是从。一般说来:汉语中凡是为主的分句,用限定式动词结构来表达,凡是从属的分句,则可采用各种非限定式动词短语、介词短语来处理。,表示原因或条件的部分,一般应从属于表示结果的部分。例:错误和挫折教训了我们,使我们聪明起来了,我们的事情就办得比较好一些。Taught by mistakes and setbacks,we have become wiser and handle our affairs better.,表示方式或状态的部分,一般应从属于表示行为或动作的部分例:全国人民紧密团结在党中央周围,朝气蓬勃,奋勇前进。Rallying closely round the Party Central Committee,the whole people of our country are advancing with vigor and valor.,属于修饰或说明关系的分句或短语,一般应译作从属部分。例:这个战争,在东方历史上是空前的,在世界历史上伟大的,全世界人民都关心这个战争。The people of the whole world are attentively following this war,which has no precedent in the history of the east,and which will go down as a great war in world history too.,否定或反说的部分,一般应从属于肯定的部分。例:必须有分析有批判的学,不能盲目的学。We must learn with an analytical and critical eye,not blindly.,翻译练习,1.但是,像我们常说的那样,道路总是曲折的,前途总是光明的。But as we have often said,the road ahead is torturous,the future is bright.2.我们的伟大祖国昂首挺立于世界民族之林,愈来愈成为世界上任何人都不能忽视的巨大力量。Standing firm and proud among nations of the world,our great motherland has become an ever stronger force which nobody can ignore.,五、汉语无主语的译法,汉语和英语最大的不同特征之一,就是汉语中只有谓语而无主语的句子比比皆是,如“下雪了”,“市郊建了许多花园别墅”等等。然而英语句子一般都需要主语。因此,汉语的无主语句子译成英语时,就需要补足主语或改变句型,使句子结构符合英语的语法和习惯用法。汉语无主语句的译法主要有以下几种:,运用英语的被动结构成都新改建的府南河两岸将修建许多草坪和居民楼。Plenty of lawns and apartment houses will be built along both the banks of the newly-renovated Funan River.一旦发现错误,必须立即纠正。Mistakes must be corrected once they are found out.,采用“There be”,“It beto”等结构没有改革开放,就没有今天的经济发展Without reform and opening to the outside world,there would be no economic development of today.活到老,学到老One is never too old to learn.,采用祈使句请勿吸烟!No Smoking!请勿践踏草坪!Please keep off the lawn!选用恰当的名词或代词补出主语知己知彼,百战不殆Know the enemy and know yourself,and you can fight battles without defeat.,翻译练习,1.不入虎穴,焉得虎子a)How can you get the tiger cubs if you dont enter the tigers lair?b)Nothing venture,nothing gains.2.纽约中央公园里坐着很多失业的黑人。Quite a lot of unemployed American blacks were sitting in the Central Park of New York.3.留得青山在,不怕没柴烧a)As long as the green hills remain there,we dont need to worry about firewood.b)While there is life,there is hope.,六、汉语一些习惯用语的译法,汉语中,有的用“人们”、“有人”、“大家”等做主语;有的看来是无主语,有的则是句子里的独立结构,如“据悉”、“应该说”、“必须指出”、“已经证明”,等等。这类习惯用语,从语态上来说是主动语态,但英译时通常都用被动,在表达方式上,则可充分利用英语中it作形式主语的句型。例如:很明显,这项计划应该取消。It is obvious that the plan should be cancelled.,这类习惯用语及常见译法如下:人们(有人、大家)认为.It is considered(thought)that普遍(一般,通常)认为It is generally accepted(agreed,recognized)that人们相信It is believed that大家知道(众所周知)It is well-known that据说It is said that,据闻,据悉It is learned that据推测It is supposed that据估计It is estimated(predicted)that.据报导It is reported that必须指出It must be pointed out that必须承认It must be admitted that可以看出,由此可见It is/will be seen that不用说都知道It is understood that无可否认It cannot be denied that,已经证明It has been proved that可以肯定It may be confirmed that可以有把握地说It may be safely said that人们有时会问It is sometimes asked that人们希望It is expected(hoped)that应该说It should be said that据谣传It is rumored that,