哈佛大学公开课-幸福学(积极心理学)PPT课件.ppt

Psychology 1504Positive Psychology,House keeping,Feedback or questionsIn case of an emergency well take a PP-breakPowerpoints and videotape on websiteActive note-takingOverlap with 1508?,The Road to Positive Psychology,Humanistic Psychology(50s)The Third Force Reaction to behaviorism Reaction to psychoanalysis Lacked rigorous methodology,Abraham Maslow(1908-1970),Karen Horney(1885-1952),Meet the Grandparents,Meet the Parents,Martin Seligman,Ellen Langer,Philip Stone,Meet 1504,It is not merely about information,It is also about transformation,Covering less;uncovering more,“In pursuit of knowledge,every day something is acquired;in pursuit of wisdom,every day something is dropped.”Lao Tzu,“The soul grows by subtraction,not addition.”Thoreau,Information is not enough,“What is wrong is not the great discoveries of scienceinformation is always better than ignorance,no matter what information or what ignorance.What is wrong is the belief behind the information,the belief that information will change the world.It wont.”Archibald MaCleish,Information is not enough,“Humanistic philosophy offers a new conception of learning,of teaching,and of education.Stated simply,such a concept holds that the function of education,the goal of educationthe human goal,the humanistic goal,the goal so far as human beings are concernedis ultimately the self-actualization of a person,the becoming fully human,the development of the fullest height that the human species can stand up to or that the particular individual can come to.In a less technical way,it is helping the person to become the best that he is able to become.”Abraham Maslow,It is not about providing definitive answers concerning the good life,It is about identifying the right questions,“Children enter school as question marks and leave as periods.”Neil Postman,Education is the quest for information and transformation,and therefore must begin with a question.,“The one real object of education is to leave a man in the condition of continually asking questions.”Bishop Creighton,The Question of Questions,How can we help ourselves and othersindividuals,communities,and societybecome happier?,It is not a survey of positive psychology,It is a selective exploration of the question of questions.,Cross cultural psychology Eclectic Studying others and ourselves,It is not English 10a or Math 55,It is about rigorous fun,“I would not give a fig for the simplicity on this side of complexity,but I would give my life for the simplicity on the other side of complexity.”Oliver Wendell Holmes,A different kind of effort Change is hard Rigorous fun?,Final Project,20-30 minute Presentation Any topic within positive psychology Written text(10-15 pages double spaced)Slides(word or powerpoints)Include:Reference to research Optional:stories,film clips,exercises,etc Why a presentation?Teaching as learning Spread goodness,Why Positive Psychology?,Anger:5,584Anxiety:41,416Depression:54,040,Psychological Abstracts(1967-2000),Joy:415Happiness:1,710Life satisfaction:2,582,Ratio:21/1,Focusing on the Negative,“The science of psychology has been far more successful on the negative than on the positive side;it has revealed to us much about mans shortcomings,his illnesses,his sins,but little about his potentialities,his virtues,his achievable aspirations,or his psychological height.It is as if psychology had voluntarily restricted itself to only half its rightful jurisdiction,and that the darker,meaner half.”Abraham Maslow,Accentuating the Positive,“The aim of Positive Psychology is to catalyze a change in psychology from a preoccupation only with repairing the worst things in life to also building the best qualities in life.”Martin Seligman,Psychology Needs Help,21/1 ratio is unhealthy but it reflects reality depression 10 times higher today than 1960 mean age for depression today is 14.5(compared to 29.5 in 1960),Does Psychology Need Help?,21/1 ratio of studies is unhealthy but it reflects realitydepression 10 times higher today than 1960mean age for depression today is 14.5(compared to 29.5 in 1960)80%of Harvard students depressed at least once last year45%of college students nationwide depressed;94%overwhelmed(Kadison,2005),Why More“Positive”Research?,Psychology as creative rather than merely reactiveHappiness is not the negation of unhappinessPrevention through cultivating the positive,“Negative”Research,Negative Experiences,Unhappiness Spiral,“Positive”Research,Positive Experiences,Happiness Spiral,Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle,“Human systems grow in the direction of what they persistently ask questions about.”Cooperrider and Whitney,Happiness isnt the Negation of Unhappiness,Disease Model Health Model,Focus on weaknesses Focus on strengths Overcoming deficiencies Building competencies Avoiding pain Seeking pleasure Running from unhappiness Pursuing happiness Neutral state(0)as ceiling No ceiling Tensionless as ideal Creative tension as ideal,_ 0 _+,neurosis,anger,anxiety,wellbeing,satisfaction,joydepression,psychosisexcitement,happiness,Prevention through cultivating positive,Illness as the absence of health(vs.health as the absence of illness),“It neurosis is a falling short of what one could have been,and even,one could say,of what one should have been,biologically speaking,that is,if one had grown and developed in an unimpeded way.Human and personal possibilities have been lost.The world has been narrowed,and so has consciousness.Capacities have been inhibited.”Abraham Maslow,“We have discovered that there are human strengths that act as buffers against mental illness:courage,future-mindedness,optimism,interpersonal skill,faith,work ethic,hope,honesty,perseverance,the capacity for flow and insight,to name several.We have shown that learning optimism prevents depression and anxiety in children and adults,roughly halving their incidence over the next two years.Similarly,I believe,that if we wish to prevent drug abuse in teenagers who grow up in a neighborhood that puts them at risk,that the effective prevention is not remedial.Rather it consists of identifying and amplifying the strengths that these teens already have.”Martin Seligman,Prevention through cultivating positive,Illness as the absence of health(vs.health as the absence of illness),“It neurosis is a falling short of what one could have been,and even,one could say,of what one should have been,biologically speaking,that is,if one had grown and developed in an unimpeded way.Human and personal possibilities have been lost.The world has been narrowed,and so has consciousness.Capacities have been inhibited.”Abraham Maslow,Stronger“psychological immune system”Mental health at Harvard,The Power of Positive Psychology:Studying At-Risk Population,Traditional psychology(Post-WWII)“Why do these individuals fail?”,Positive psychological approach(1980s-)“What makes some individuals succeed despite unfavorable circumstances?”,Resilience,“A class of phenomena characterized by patterns of positive adaptation in the context of significant adversity or risk.”Masten&Reed,Superkids?Ordinary characteristics,extraordinary resultsSocial support,Resilience,“A class of phenomena characterized by patterns of positive adaptation in the context of significant adversity or risk.”Masten&Reed,Superkids?Ordinary characteristics,extraordinary resultsSocial supportOptimism and self-esteemFaith and a sense of meaningProsocial behaviorFocusing on strengthsSet goalsA role model,Role modelsOptimism and faithBlame to responsibilityDeficiencies focus to strengths focus,Passive Victim Vs.Active Agent,self pityblamefrustrationanger,_,confidenceresponsibilityhope and optimismforgive/forget,“The message of the Positive Psychology movement is to remind our field that it has been deformed.Psychology is not just the study of disease,weakness,and damage;it also is the study of strength and virtue.Treatment is not just fixing what is wrong;it also is building what is right.Psychology is not just about illness or health;it is about work,education,insight,love,growth,and play.And in this quest for what is best,Positive Psychology does not rely on wishful thinking,self-deception or hand-waving;instead it tries to adapt what is best in the scientific method to the unique problems that human behavior presents in all its complexity.”Martin Seligman,Bibliography and Recommendations Excellent website:Antonovsky(1979).Health,Stress,and Coping.San Fransisco:Jossey-Bass.Masten,A.S.&Reed,M.J.(2002).Resilience in development.In C.R.Snyder and S.J.Lopez(Eds.),Handbook of Positive Psychology,528-540.Oxford University Press.Seligman,M.E.P.,&Csikszentmihalyi,M.(2000).Positive Psychology.American Psychologist,55,5-14.Sheldon,K.M.&King,L(2001).Why Positive Psychology Is Necessary.American Psychologist,56,216-217.Snyder,C.R.&Lopez,S.J.(Eds.)(2002).Handbook of Positive Psychology,528-540.Oxford University Press.Collins,M.&Tamarkin,C.(1990).Marva Collins Way.Putnam:New York.Werner,E.&Smith,R.(2001).Journeys from Childhood to Midlife:Risk,Reilience and Recovery.Cornell University Press.,