会计学人大出版英文版第23版Chap.ppt

Time Value of Money Concepts,6,Copyright 2011 by the McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.All rights reserved.,McGraw-Hill/Irwin,Simple Interest,Interest amount=P i nAssume you invest$1,000 at 6%simple interest for 3 years.You would earn$180 interest.($1,000.06 3=$180)(or$60 each year for 3 years),Compound Interest,Assume we deposit$1,000 in a bank that earns 6%interest compounded annually.,What is the balance inour account at theend of three years?,Compound Interest,Future Value of a Single Amount,The future value of a single amount is the amount of money that a dollar will grow to at some point in the future.Assume we deposit$1,000 for three years that earns 6%interest compounded annually.,$1,000.00 1.06=$1,060.00and$1,060.00 1.06=$1,123.60and$1,123.60 1.06=$1,191.02,Future Value of a Single Amount,Writing in a more efficient way,we can say.$1,191.02=$1,000 1.063,FV=PV(1+i)n,FutureValue,Amount Invested at the Beginning of the Period,InterestRate,Numberof Compounding Periods,Using the Future Value of$1 Table,we find the factor for 6%and 3 periods is 1.19102.So,we can solve our problem like this.FV=$1,000 1.19102FV=$1,191.02,Future Value of a Single Amount,Present Value of a Single Amount,Instead of asking what is the future value of a current amount,we might want to know what amount we must invest today to accumulate a known future amount.This is a present value question.Present value of a single amount is todays equivalent to a particular amount in the future.,Present Value of a Single Amount,Remember our equation?FV=PV(1+i)nWe can solve for PV and get.,Present Value of a Single Amount,Assume you plan to buy a new car in 5 years and you think it will cost$20,000 at that time.What amount must you invest today in order to accumulate$20,000 in 5 years,if you can earn 8%interest compounded annually?,Present Value of a Single Amount,i=.08,n=5Present Value Factor=.68058$20,000.68058=$13,611.60,If you deposit$13,611.60 now,at8%annual interest,you will have$20,000 at the end of 5 years.,Present Value of$1 Table,FV=PV(1+i)n,FutureValue,PresentValue,InterestRate,Numberof Compounding Periods,There are four variables needed when determining the time value of money.If you know any three of these,the fourth can be determined.,Solving for Other Values,Determining the UnknownInterest Rate,Suppose a friend wants to borrow$1,000 today and promises to repay you$1,092 two years from now.What is the annual interest rate you would be agreeing to?a.3.5%b.4.0%c.4.5%d.5.0%,Some notes do not include a stated interest rate.We call these notes noninterest-bearing notes.,Even though the agreement states it is a noninterest-bearing note,the note does,in fact,include interest.,We impute an appropriate interest rate for noninterest-bearing notes.,Accounting Applications of Present Value TechniquesSingle Cash Amount,Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts No.7“Using Cash Flow Information and Present Value in Accounting Measurements”,The objective of valuing an asset or liability using present value is to approximate the fair value of that asset or liability.,Expected Cash Flow Approach,Basic Annuities,An annuity is a seriesof equal periodic payments.,Period 1,Period 2,Period 3,Period 4,$10,000,$10,000,$10,000,$10,000,An annuity with payments at the end of the period is known as an ordinary annuity.,Ordinary Annuity,End of year 1,$10,000,$10,000,$10,000,$10,000,End of year 2,End of year 3,End of year 4,Annuity Due,An annuity with payments at the beginning of the period is known as an annuity due.,Beginning of year 1,$10,000,$10,000,$10,000,$10,000,Beginning of year 2,Beginning of year 3,Beginning of year 4,Future Value of an Ordinary Annuity,To find the future value of an ordinary annuity,multiply the amount of the annuity by the future value of an ordinary annuity factor.,Future Value of an Ordinary Annuity,We plan to invest$2,500 at the end of each of the next 10 years.We can earn 8%,compounded interest annually,on all invested funds.What will be the fund balance at the end of 10 years?,Future Value of an Annuity Due,To find the future value of an annuity due,multiply the amount of the annuity by the future value of an annuity due factor.,Future Value of an Annuity Due,Compute the future value of$10,000 invested at the beginning of each of the next four years with interest at 6%compounded annually.,Present Value of an Ordinary Annuity,You wish to withdraw$10,000 at the endof each of the next 4 years from a bank account that pays 10%interest compounded annually.How much do you need to invest today to meet this goal?,PV1PV2PV3PV4,$10,000,$10,000,$10,000,$10,000,Present Value of an Ordinary Annuity,Present Value of an Ordinary Annuity,If you invest$31,698.60 today you will be able to withdraw$10,000 at the end of each of the next four years.,Present Value of an Ordinary Annuity,Can you find this value in the Present Value of Ordinary Annuity of$1 table?,More Efficient Computation$10,000 3.16986=$31,698.60,Present Value of an Annuity Due,Compute the present value of$10,000 received at the beginning of each of the next four years with interest at 6%compounded annually.,Present Value of a Deferred Annuity,In a deferred annuity,the first cash flow is expected to occur more than one period after the date of the agreement.,Present Value of a Deferred Annuity,On January 1,2011,you are considering an investment that will pay$12,500 a year for 2 years beginning on December 31,2013.If you require a 12%return on your investments,how much are you willing to pay for this investment?,More Efficient ComputationCalculate the PV of the annuity as of the beginning of the annuity period.Discount the single value amount calculated in(1)to its present value as of today.,Present Value of a Deferred Annuity,On January 1,2011,you are considering an investment that will pay$12,500 a year for 2 years beginning on December 31,2013.If you require a 12%return on your investments,how much are you willing to pay for this investment?,Present Value of a Deferred Annuity,On January 1,2011,you are considering an investment that will pay$12,500 a year for 2 years beginning on December 31,2013.If you require a 12%return on your investments,how much are you willing to pay for this investment?,Solving for Unknown Valuesin Present Value Situations,In present value problems involvingannuities,there are four variables:,Present value of an ordinary annuity or Present value of an annuity due,The amount of the annuity payment,The number of periods,The interest rate,If you know any three of these,the fourth can be determined.,Solving for Unknown Valuesin Present Value Situations,Assume that you borrow$700 from a friend and intend to repay the amount in four equal annual installments beginning one year from today.Your friend wishes to be reimbursed for the time value of money at an 8%annual rate.What is the required annual payment that must be made(the annuity amount)to repay the loan in four years?,Solving for Unknown Valuesin Present Value Situations,Assume that you borrow$700 from a friend and intend to repay the amount in four equal annual installments beginning one year from today.Your friend wishes to be reimbursed for the time value of money at an 8%annual rate.What is the required annual payment that must be made(the annuity amount)to repay the loan in four years?,Accounting Applications of Present Value TechniquesAnnuities,Because financial instruments typically specify equal periodic payments,these applications quite often involve annuity situations.,Long-term Bonds,Long-term Leases,Pension Obligations,Valuation of Long-term Bonds,Calculate the Present Value of the Lump-sum Maturity Payment(Face Value),Calculate the Present Value of the Annuity Payments(Interest),On June 30,2011,Ebsen Electric issued 10%stated rate bonds with a face value of$1 million.The bonds mature in 5 years.The market rate of interest for similar issues was 12%.Interest is paid semiannually beginning on December 31,2011.What was the price of the bond issue?,Valuation of Long-term Leases,Certain long-term leases require the recording of an asset and corresponding liability at the present value of future lease payments.,Valuation of Long-term Leases,On January 1,2011,Todd Furniture Company signed a 20-year non-cancelable lease for a new retail showroom.The lease agreement calls for annual payments of$25,000 for 20 years beginning on January 1,2011.The appropriate rate of interest for this long-term lease is 8%.Calculate the value of the asset acquired and the liability assumed by Todd(the present value of an annuity due at 8%for 20 years).,Valuation of Pension Obligations,Some pension plans create obligations during employees service periods that must be paid during their retirement periods.The amounts contributed during the employment period are determined using present value computations of the estimate of the future amount to be paid during retirement.,Valuation of Pension Obligations,On January 1,2011,Todd Furniture Company hired a new sales manger for the new showroom.The sales manager is expected to work 30 years before retirement on December 31,2040.Annual retirement benefits will be paid at the end of each year of retirement,a period that is expected to be 25 years.The sales manager will earn$2,500 in annual retirement benefits for the first year worked,2011.How much must Todd contribute to the company pension fund in 2011 to provide for$2,500 in annual pension benefits for 25 years that are expected to begin in 30 years.Todds pension fund is expected to earn 5%.,Valuation of Pension Obligations,This is a two part calculation.The first part requires the computation of the present value of a 25-year ordinary annuity of$2,500 as of December 31,2040.Next we calculate the present value of the December 31,2040 amount.This second present value is the amount Todd will contribute in 2011 to fund the retirement benefit earned by the sales manager in 2011.,End of Chapter 6,