血栓与出血检查.ppt
2023/10/22,1,血栓和止血检查,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,2023/10/22,2,重点内容1.常用试验的临床意义:BT、PLT、APTT、PT、D-D等2.有关检查的临床应用,血栓和止血检查,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,2023/10/22,3,血栓和止血检查,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,第一节 概 述,2023/10/22,4,血栓和止血检查,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,一、止血机制(mechanism of haemostasis)(一)血管壁(二)血小板(三)凝血因子,2023/10/22,5,血栓和止血检查,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,二、凝血机制(mechanism of coagulation)1.凝血因子(coagulation factors)2.凝血因子止血作用 内凝(intrinsic coagulation pathway)外凝(extrinsic coagulation pathway)共同途径(common coagulation pathway)内、外凝血途径不能截然分开,有交叉。,2023/10/22,6,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,血栓和止血检查,2023/10/22,7,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,血栓和止血检查,2023/10/22,8,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,血栓和止血检查,2023/10/22,9,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,血栓和止血检查,2023/10/22,10,血栓和止血检查,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,三、抗凝血机制(mechanism of anticoagulation)(一)体液抗凝 1.抗凝血酶III(antithrombin III,AT-III)2.蛋白C(protein c,PC)系统 蛋白S(protein s,PS)系统(二)细胞抗凝 单核-巨噬细胞系统、肝细胞(吞噬、清除或摄取、灭活),2023/10/22,11,血栓和止血检查,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,四、纤维蛋白溶解系统(Fibrinolytic system):溶解血凝块,组成:纤溶酶(原):plasminogen被激活成plasmin才能发挥作用。纤溶酶原激活物:t-PA、u-PA纤溶抑制物:2-抗纤溶酶,2023/10/22,12,血栓和止血检查,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,第二节 血栓与止血常用试验 P132,2023/10/22,13,血栓和止血检查,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,检查目的标本采集检查项目,2023/10/22,14,血栓和止血检查,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,检查目的1.止凝血障碍疾病的诊断;2.抗凝治疗监测3.溶栓治疗效果判断4.术前检查,2023/10/22,15,血栓和止血检查,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,标本采集一、病人准备:药物影响。抗凝药、抗血小板药、溶栓防栓药,如APC、避孕药。二、抗凝:抗凝剂:109mmol/L枸橼酸钠1:9 试管:真空抗凝管、塑料试管 HCT影响(0.35、0.55):V血液=V抗凝剂9()/(1.0-HCT)三、注意事项:采血顺利、混匀充分;立即送检,2h完成。,2023/10/22,16,血栓和止血检查,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,一、出血时间测定(blooding time,BT)P132Principle 将皮肤刺破后,血液自然流出 到自然停止所需的时间。影响因素:,1.血小板的数量和质量,2.血管壁完整性,2023/10/22,17,血栓和止血检查,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,Reference range TBT(template bleeding time)法 6.92.1 min 超过9min为异常,2023/10/22,18,血栓和止血检查,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,Clinical significance 1.BT延长:血小板异常(数量或质量):血小板减少性紫癜、DIC后期、脾大、血小板无力症 血管壁异常:遗传性出血性毛细血管扩张症等 凝血因子严重减少:DIC,血管性血友病(von Willebrand disease,vWD)药物:2.BT缩短:意义不大。敏感度、特异性均差,创伤性。高度怀疑血管因素异常时才做!,2023/10/22,19,血栓和止血检查,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,二、毛细血管抵抗力试验(Capillary resistance test,CRT)毛细血管脆性试验(Capillary Fragility Test,CFT)束臂试验(Tourniquet test)Principle:对毛细血管施加压力,观察血管壁有无新出血点。影响因素:,1.血管壁,2.血小板,3.血浆vWF(von Willebrand factor),2023/10/22,20,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,血栓和止血检查,2023/10/22,21,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,血栓和止血检查,CRT(capillary resistance test),2023/10/22,22,血栓和止血检查,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,2023/10/22,23,血栓和止血检查,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,Reference range 男5个 女、儿童10个,2023/10/22,24,血栓和止血检查,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,Clinical significance 阳性见于1.血管壁异常:遗传性出血性毛细血管扩张症、过敏性紫癜、VitC缺乏等2.血小板异常(数量或质量):血小板减少性紫癜、DIC后期、脾大、血小板增多症、血小板无力症3.血管性血友病(von Willebrand disease,vWD)4.少数正常人,尤其是妇女可呈阳性。,2023/10/22,25,血栓和止血检查,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,三、血块收缩试验 p132(clot retraction test,CRT)Principle 血小板收缩蛋白使血块收缩、血清析出,可反映血小板血块收缩的能力。,2023/10/22,26,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,血栓和止血检查,血清析出,CRT(clot retraction test),2023/10/22,27,血栓和止血检查,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,Clinical significance1.收缩不良或不收缩 血小板减少、血小板功能异常;纤维蛋白原、凝血酶原严重减少;红细胞增多症。2.过度收缩 严重贫血。,Reference Ranges 40%(定量法)2h开始收缩,1824h完全收缩,2023/10/22,28,血栓和止血检查,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,四、凝血时间测定(clotting time,CT)p133Difinition:自采血开始至血凝所需时间。,内凝的筛选试验,2023/10/22,29,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,血栓和止血检查,2023/10/22,30,血栓和止血检查,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,Reference range 玻璃试管法 412 min 硅管法 1532 min 塑料试管法 1019 min,2023/10/22,31,血栓和止血检查,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,Clinical significance 1CT延长、和,部分VWD等。、V、X严重缺乏,如肝病,维生素K缺乏。抗凝物质:口服抗凝剂、血中存在病理性抗凝物质等。纤溶活性增强。,2.CT缩短 高凝状态,如DIC的高凝期。敏感性差!,2023/10/22,32,血栓和止血检查,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,五、活化部分凝血活酶时间测定 p133(activated partial thromboplastin time,APTT)Principle,白陶土(接触因子激活剂)部分凝血活酶(脑磷脂)Ca2+,血浆,凝固时间,反映内凝的筛选试验,2023/10/22,33,血栓和止血检查,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,Reference range 3243s 受检者较正常对照值延长10s以上才有意义。,2023/10/22,34,血栓和止血检查,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,Clinical significance 1同CT测定。但较敏感,能检出:C小于25的轻型血友病,是目前推荐应用的内凝的筛选试验。2监测肝素治疗的首选指标:以维持结果为基础值的2倍左右为宜。,2023/10/22,35,血栓和止血检查,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,六、血浆凝血酶原时间测定 p133(prothrombin time,PT)Principle 影响因素:血浆中因子、,组织凝血活酶(含TF)Ca2+,血浆,凝固时间,外凝常用的筛选试验,2023/10/22,36,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,血栓和止血检查,2023/10/22,37,血栓和止血检查,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,Reference range1.凝血酶原时间(PT)平均值为(121)s,超过正常对照值3s为异常2.凝血酶原时间比值(prothrombin ratio,PTR)PTR=PT受检/PT对照 参考值为0.821.153.国际正常化比值(international normalized ratio,INR)(WHO规定口服抗凝剂患者的报告方式)INR=PTR ISI,参考值为1.00.1,2023/10/22,38,血栓和止血检查,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,Clinical significance1PT延长 先天性凝血因子I、缺乏;获得性缺乏,如严重肝病、维生素K缺乏、DIC晚期 口服抗凝剂、异常抗凝物等。2PT缩短 DIC早期,心肌梗死、脑血栓,不敏感。3INR是用于监测口服抗凝药的首选指标 以INR为2.02.5为宜。,2023/10/22,39,血栓和止血检查,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,七、血浆凝血酶时间测定(thrombin time,TT)p134Principle 在待检血浆中加入标准化的凝血酶溶液后,血浆凝固所需时间。,共同途径是否存在抗凝或纤溶亢进,2023/10/22,40,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,血栓和止血检查,2023/10/22,41,血栓和止血检查,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,Reference range手工法1618s,超过正常对照3s以上为异常,2023/10/22,42,血栓和止血检查,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,Clinical significance1TT延长DIC后期低(无)Fg血症。肝素或肝素类抗凝物质存在2用链激酶,尿激酶作溶栓治疗时,可用TT作为监护指标,以控制在正常值的25倍为宜。,2023/10/22,43,血栓和止血检查,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,八、血浆纤维蛋白原测定(fibrinogen,Fg)p134,Reference range 24g/LClinical significance 1.增高 多种炎症、坏死(Fg是急性时相蛋白)2.减低 原发性Fg减少、原发纤溶、DIC晚期、重症肝病等,2023/10/22,44,血栓和止血检查,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,九、血浆纤维蛋白(原)降解产物测定 P134-135Fibrin(fibrinogen)degradation products,FDPs,Reference range 5mg/LClinical significance FDP增高:原发性纤溶症、DIC、溶栓治疗等。,2023/10/22,45,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,血栓和止血检查,纤维蛋白(原)降解产物 FDP,2023/10/22,46,血栓和止血检查,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,十、血浆D-二聚体测定(D-dimer)P146,Reference ranges 胶乳凝集试验 阴性 ELISA法 400g/LClinical significance1.增高:继发性纤溶、血栓性疾病(原发性与继发性纤溶的鉴别)阴性可排除血栓形成。2.溶栓治疗的监测 D-D显著升高。,2023/10/22,47,血栓和止血检查,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,第三节 血栓与止血检查的临床应用 P146,2023/10/22,48,血栓和止血检查,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,一、血栓与止血检查的一般步骤 筛选试验 确诊试验,2023/10/22,49,血栓和止血检查,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,(一)The screening tests of thrombus and haemostasis,1.Tests of stage(caused by abnormal vascular and platelet),BT,PLT,2.Tests of stage(caused by the deficiencies of coagulation factors or anticoagulation substances),APTT,PT,3.Fibrinolysis sydrome,FDP,D-D,4.Tests for monitoring anticoagulants therapy,APTT,PT,2023/10/22,50,血栓和止血检查,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,血小板数量增加 原发性血小板增多症 vWF减少,vWD凝血因子缺乏单纯血管通透性和 过敏性紫癜脆性增加所致的血管性紫癜 原发性血小板血小板数量减少 减少性紫癜,疾病,试验结果,病因,2023/10/22,51,血栓和止血检查,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,DIC肝病血友病(A、B、F缺乏)获得性因子缺乏,APTT PTAPTT PTAPTT PT,内凝异常,外凝异常,共同途径异常,试验结果,疾病,2023/10/22,52,血栓和止血检查,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,(二)血栓与止血检查的确诊试验(Confirmed diagnosis tests)1.血管病变:vWF等。2.血小板检查:数量、粘附、聚集试验3.凝血因子测定:纠正试验、直接测某种凝血因子4.纤溶活性过度测定:原发性和继发性,2023/10/22,53,血栓和止血检查,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,二、弥散性血管内凝血 p151(Dissenminated intervascular coagulation,DIC)DIC 的发病主要机制:诱因:各种感染、恶性肿瘤、病理产科、大手术、广泛创伤等症状:弥散性微血栓(高凝期)出血(继发低凝、纤溶亢进)诊断:依靠临床结合实验室检查,2023/10/22,54,血栓和止血检查,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,1.DIC筛选试验(1)PLT100109/L或进行性下降(2)Fg1.5g/L或进行性下降(3)PT、APTT缩短或延长(周围血破碎红细胞大于2%)。,2023/10/22,55,血栓和止血检查,Tests of thrombus and haemostasis,2.DIC确证试验(1)TT 正常对照3秒或进行性延长(2)FDP20mg/L并进行性增高(3)D-D 2000g/L,阳性率95%,