跨文化交际实用教程胡超编著Unit.ppt

Unit 5,Nonverbal Communication,2,Objectives,Act out the following ideas:,Me?Stop.No.Come here.Im full.Its smelly here.I dont know.Go away.,I cant hear it.I am surprised.We share a secret.Everything is fine.,Im warning you.I feel embarrassed.I cannot believe this nonsense.Oops,I forgot it.,Act out the following ideas:,True or False,Verbal language could always be expressive enough to reveal what one thinks.Nonverbal language only includes ones facial expressions,and other body movements.If one bears no ill will,all his behavior will be accepted.,True or False,We dont need to be careful with our pose or gestures in front of our familiar business partners.Sometimes it is more difficult for people to clear up the misunderstanding caused by improper using of non-verbal languages.Nonverbal communication is more accurate,honest than verbal communication.,True or False,It is rude pointing to someone with the index finger in most cultures.Crossed arms signal a friendly position.When riding alone in a taxi in Australia,it is considered polite to sit in the front seat with the driver.In many parts of the Middle East and Asia the left hand is considered unclean and it is rude to eat,greet and touch others with this hand.,Case Study 1.Is he gentleman-like?,Xiaomei,a summer student from China,is studying in the University of Nottingham.One day when she was visiting Newstead Abbey,she came across a British man at a narrow stair.The stair is very narrow and only allows one person to go comfortably.If two persons walk on it simultaneously,they can not avoid hustling.Xiaomei was at the footstep and about to go upstairs while that man was about to go downstairs.Xiaomei stepped on the stair after thinking twice,and the man stood at the other side waiting for her to pass.She was impressed by the mans gentility,and said“thank you”while passing him.After coming back from the visiting,she told this to her British teacher as an impressive experience.But to her surprise,her teacher just smiled and said nothing.Xiaomei was confused,and then she remembered the strange expression on the man when she looked up.Is he gentleman-like or not?Discussion:Why did the man wait until Xiaomei went upstairs?Do you think that man just wanted to be a gentleman?,Case Study2.:Is smiling always the right thing?,Peter is the general manager of an American company in China.Recently,Chen Jun,one of the Chinese managers made a mistake at work that caused difficulties that required a considerable effort to fix.Chen Jun was very upset about what had happened and came to Peters office to make an apology.With a smile on his face,he said,“Peter,Ive been very upset about the trouble Ive caused to the company.Im here to apologize for my mistake.Im terribly sorry about it and I want you to know that it will never happen again.”He looked at Peter with the smile he had been wearing since he walked into the office.,Peter found it hard to accept the apology.He looked at Chen Jun and asked,“Are you sure?”Chen Jun gave a good yes while smiling.Still,Peter didnt accept the apology and said angrily,“You dont look sorry at all.If youre really sorry,how could you still smile?”Chen Juns face turned quite red,standing there dumbfounded.Discussion:1.Why did Chen Jun wear a smile when he made the apology?2.Do you think it reasonable that Peter became so angry with Chen Jun?Why or why not?3.What are the different interpretations of a smile by the two people involved in this situation?,Case Study 3.Does the invitation say the dinner begins at 7?,Harry is a U.S.manager who intended to negotiate a contract with a Mexican firm.On his first trip to Mexico,he was invited to a dinner party by his Mexican counterpart.Since the invitation indicated that cocktails would begin at 7 p.m.,Harry arrived promptly at that time.His host seemed so surprised,and no one else had arrived.Harry felt very embarrassed.People began arriving about 8 p.m.Harry knew he had read the invitation correctly but felt he had gotten off a bad start.Discussion:Why was there no one,except Harry,who arrived on time?What do you think is the problem in this case?What advice would you have to give Harry?,Case 6 Gesture Issues of Some Famous FiguresWhat can we learn from this case?How about a“V”with the back towards the audience?Is“OK”always ok to people all over the world?,The ring gesture,Itmeansmoney.,Its a signal that you are insulting people.,In English-speaking countries,In France,In Brazil,InJapan/South Korea,It mean“Ok”,“fine”or“yes”.,Mr.Cohen is an expatriate teacher from the United States teaching in a university in China.He likes to conduct his class in a very casual way.He invariably wears jeans and a T-shirt and sits on the teachers desk with his legs stretched out and his two feet resting on the edge of the students desk in front of him.Once the senior teacher responsible for teaching affairs spoke to him about his very informal posture in class and told him that it was not acceptable,Mr.Cohen was annoyed at this criticism as he felt that by acting in this way in class he would help students to relax more and be ready to talk more.Discussion:1.As an English major student,what do you think of the posture adopted by Mr.Cohen in class?2.What do you think of his view that this would encourage students to talk more and profit more from the oral interaction with a native speaker of English?,Case Study 4.Posture in the classroom,What is nonverbal language?,NVC is a process in which communicators use the natural features of their bodies to deliver information and express specific meaning to the other communicator.Nonverbal communication is the communication without words.,Study Areas,Chronemics,Proxemics,Kinesics,Paralanguage,Characteristics,The characteristics of nonverbal communication,invisible,omnipresent,spontaneous,elusive,ambiguous or contextual,Read the following situations and try to figure out some basic functions of nonverbal communication.1.When we say The new library is south of that building,we usually point in a certain direction.,Repetition,2.You tell someone that you are pleased with his or her performance,and at the same time you pat the person on the shoulder.,Accentuation,3.A group of people is boisterous,you might place your index finger to your lips to send the message:“please calm down so that I can speak.”,Substitution,4.Just before an important examination,you tell someone you are relaxed and at ease,yet your voice quavers and your hands shake.5.The pause in a conversation may indicate a turn-taking.,Contradiction,Regulation,Status,“This means of communication is so important that we may actually say more with our movements than we do with words.”,More than 55%messages are communicated nonverbally!,The shared nonverbal behaviors,Cry,Puzzled,Happy,Angry,Horrified,Surprised,Cultural Differences in NVC,How to show disapproval or“NO”?In Bulgaria,Greece,Turkey and Iran,swaying head from side to side means“yes”.How to show“Im full.”?,In America,Whats wrong with this poster?,It was this poster that made the film banned in Thailand.Why?,Avoid cultural assumptions,Study Areas,Time Language Space LanguageBody LanguageParalanguage,Time orientation,Time system,Body distance,Body touch,Facial expressions;eye behavior,Gesture;posture;stance,Appearance,volume,speed,pause,silence,Time Orientation,Time Language,Monochronic Time(单一时间模式):punctuality and promptness,Polychronic Time(多元时间模式):More flexible and human-centered,Northern American,Western and Northern European cultures,Latin American,African,Arab and most Asian cultures,1.The focus of M-time people is on the schedule while P-time people on people.2.M-time people plan things ahead and always adhere to plans while P-time people change plans frequently.3.Peoples understanding of punctuality is different,even they are of the same time system.4.View about duration of an activity are also different between or among culture.,The Roots of Differences,Oriental view of time:Cyclical ShapeAccording to the observation of nature,shift of days and nights,shift of four seasons,people in Orient believe that time will be repeated.Therefore,they seem to have plenty of time,and concept of time is more flexible.年轮 四季更替 Occidental view of time:According to Holly Bible,God creates the whole world,and time begins.It is just like a line which is non-reversible.All time is no time when it is past.To save time is to lengthen life.,Space Language,Body distance and body touch,Body bubbles,Interpersonal relationship,Personality,Introverts,Extroverts,2-3 m,1.3-3 m,45-80cm,0-45cm,Culture and Space keeping,Case Study,Before coming back to work in France,Pierre had lived in the U.S.for seven years.He had become accustomed to the social habits in North America and is dissatisfied with some behaviors in France,which cause him some discomfort.For example,one day when he was waiting in a queue to use an ATM,he noticed that people stayed very close to each other.In fact,the person behind him could even see him entering the PIN of ATM card.To make people be aware of the discomfort,Pierre deliberately kept distance from the person in front of her.However,the people behind her pushed her to move forward.,Body touch,Middle East;ItalyFrance,Greece,Touch culture,East Asians;BritainUnited States,Non-touch culture,Case Study,Rose,An American girl,came to China as a foreign teacher in one university.Yang Mei,another woman teacher,was assigned by the university to meet Rose at the airport.Out of hospitality and warm-heartedness,she invited Rose to her house for a dinner after helping her settled.Rose felt ill every time Yang Mei touched her while Yang Mei failed to notice it.At the dinner,Rose tried to escape from sitting by Yang Mei,but failed.When Yang Mei found Rose trembling,she patted Rose in order to comfort her,which led to more tremble.At last,the dinner turned out to be a disaster for both of them.,After having stayed in China for two months,Rose decided to quit the job and returned to America.It was from the letter left by Rose Yang Mei knew the reasons.Rose thought Yang Mei was homosexual because Yang Mei always tried touching her.And then in her stay in China,most female teachers had physical contact with her which shocked her to death by thinking“so many homosexuals in China.”She could not bear it,so she chose to quit the job and China.,Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communication,Seating,In the United States,they tend to talk with those opposite them rather than those seated or stand beside them.The Chinese often experience uneasiness when they face someone directly or sit on opposite side of a desk or table from someone.,Seating Arrangements,Where to sit?Choose the seat and describe why,Body Language,Body language studies the meanings of the movement of all parts of body such as posture,stance,gestures,eye language,facial expressions and appearance(clothing,hair style,cosmetics and smell)p102,A case about Posture,Slouching posture,US:comfortable,friendly,Arab/Thailand:the sole should never be pointed in the direction of another person.Germany/Sweden/China:a sign of rudeness and poor manners,Where is it?,Wai,Eye Contact,The Arabs VS Americans VS the Japanese P106,Case Study(P107),What is valued in American culture?And what is valued in Puerto Rico?According to Puerto Rican culture,a good girl does not meet the eyes of an adult.Such behavior is a sign of respect and obedience.In America,you are expected to meet other peoples gazes when you communicate.If you fail to do this,you can be interpreted as being deceptive,weak or dishonest.,Clothing,1.人靠衣装马靠鞍。2.“By the husk you may judge the nut.”,Clothing,Examples:1.dress=rank(social status)2.dress=occupation,White tie,Lounge suit,Dress informal,Smell,A medical doctor from Saudi Arabia was completing an internship in a hospital in the southern United States.Problems arose when the patients refused to have the Saudi doctor examine them.An interview with patients reveals that he smelled bad and he breathed on the patients.,56,Smell,Saudi Arabians:natural odor is normal Americans:feel uncomfortable with natural smells,57,Paralanguage,Definition:P108 voice modulation/vocalizationThree kinds of vocalizations(发声):vocal characterizers(特征性语声):laughing，crying,yelling,moaning,whining,belching,yawningvocal qualifiers(限定性语声)：volume,pitch（音高）,rhythm(节奏),tempo（速度）,resonance（响度）,tone（音调）vocal segregates(顿语):“un-huh”,“shh”,“uh”,“ooh”,“mmmh”,“humm”,etc.Silence;pause,Paralanguage,Examples:BurpWestern cultures:rude.India and some Eastern cultures:satisfaction;appreciation,Paralanguage,Examples:Loud Volume(音量)Arabs:strength and sincerityIsraelis:strong beliefs Germans:self-confidence Thais:being impolite Japan:a lack of self-control African Americans are far more emotional,intense,dynamic and enthusiastic in their use of voice than are most white Americans.,Silence,Intercultural implications of silence 嫁给我好吗？美国：日本：伊布人(Igbo)：,不确定,好啦！,不原意(跑!),Silence in Different Cultures,Chinese culture(high-context culture)：meanings are not expressed explicitly;many things are left unsaidAmerican culture(low-context culture):meanings are expressed clearly It is agreed that silence plays a more important role in high-context culture.,Case study:Silence in the classroom,An American teacher in China often feels ill at ease about the silence shown by the Chinese audience,because in his/her culture the more questions the audience ask after a speech,the more interested they are,and therefore more successful the speaker is.But in China there is no such custom.It is good manners for students to listen to the teacher or other speakers without asking any questions.,In China:asking the teacher questions=challenging the authority of the teacher；not clever enough to understand the lectureIn Western Countries:students are expected to challenge conventional wisdom and exchange ideas asking the professor questions=being interested in what the professor has explained or wanting to know more about the topicIn the Eastern tradition:the value of silence is highly emphasized.“Silence is gold.”silence:a sign of politeness and maturityAmericans:dont like keeping silent;value voice more“Voice or vanish”.,Homework,1.Case Study2.P114 Exercise E3.Preview Cross-Gender Communication;What are the differences between sex and gender?,Case Study,Betty is a Chinese American who came to China to look for relatives with whom her family has lost contact.And she decided to spend some time in China to learn more about Chinese culture.She stayed with one of her relatives for two weekends but didnt enjoy herself.Apart from the language problem,she found it hard to spend her time there because she never knew what was expected.,She was not sure whether she could stay in bed late because she never knew what was planned for the next day.When she got up,she would sit around idly until she was told that they would go out to eat.Not knowing when to go or how to go until she was told,she felt stupid and didnt like things to be